• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1011-1016
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• 2005

In this study, 90 crossbred weaned pigs（Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White）weighing - 7.86${\pm}$0.06 kg each were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Control pigs were a fed corn-soybean meal diet with no additives. The two treatment groups were fed the basal diet supplemented either with 75 mg/kg Aureomycin or 0.4% fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in order to study the effects on performance, serological indices, and enteric morphology in addition to examining the content of volatile fatty acids in intestinal digesta. The results indicate that the diets containing FOS and antibiotics had a significant effect on feed conversion ratios (FCR) and diarrhea incidence, as well as increasing the concentrations of isobutyric and butyric acid and total VFAs in the caecum, and acetic acid, isovaleric acid, and total VFAs in feces. Supplementation with FOS also resulted in significantly longer mucosal villi height and a higher percentage of goblet cells compared with the control. No difference was found in crypt depth among the three treatments. While serum glucose levels were significantly higher following FOS supplement, differences in serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and urea nitrogen levels were not significant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to develop digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled in situ hybridization (ISH) test for diagnosis of Aujeszky's Disease(AD) in infected organs. Specific DNA with well conserved gene sequences encoding gp50 antigen in AD virus (ADV) was obtained by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. A pair of oligonucleotide primers used in PCR allowed amplification of a 217 bp sequence from the gp50 ADV gene. The DNA was then labeled with DIG by primer labeling method for use as probe in ISH test to detect ADV nucleic acids in various tissue. Positive hybridization was demonstrated by dark pigmentation in nuclei and cytoplasm of ADV infected cells particularly in brain tonsillar crypt epithelium and pulmonary alveolar cells. This result suggests that ISH is a valuable sensitive and rapid diagnostic test for AD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1 s.69
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• pp.187-197
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• 2007

Objectives : We examined the effect of Jiyutaug(JYT) on the experimental ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS). Methods : Experimental colitis was induced in mice by daily treatment with 3% DSS in the drinking water for 5days. Afterward, the mice were divided into two groups: the control group was administered water and the sample group was administered JYT for 7 days. Results : The sample group provided JYT for 7 days demonstrated faster recovery of body weight compared with the control group. Histologic change showed faster regeneration of crypt and surface epithelial cells, decreased edema of the submucosa, and decreased Iymphatic follicles of mucosa compared with the control group. immunohistochemical stain using COX-2 gene was decreased. Regeneration of surface epithelial cells and goblet cells in mucosa was observed by transmission electron microscope. Conclusion : These results indicate therapeutic effect of JYT on DSS-induced colitis in mice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.301-306
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• 2000

In an outbreak of acute porcine diarrhea in newborn piglets, an etiological study was carried out using piglets submitted in Cheju Province Institute for Livestock Promotion(Cheju Veterinary Service for the disease diagnosis). Sixteen piglets(2-7 days old) were collected from 4 farms during outbreaks of diarrhea disease(from January to April 2000). Specimens were taken after necropsy and examined by immunohistochemistry using of monoclonal antibodies for porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) virus, transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE) virus, and porcine rotavirus. Immunohistochemistry showed that PED virus antigens, but both TGE virus and rota virus antigens not, were localized in the some epithelial cells of the intestines of 14 animals among 16 piglets examined. PEB virus antigens were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of enterocytes. Infected cells, which were most abundant in the villous epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum, were uncommon in the crypt, epithelial cells, the lamina propria and Peyer's patches of piglets examined. The results suggest that PED virus is one of the most prevailing agents in an outbreak of fatal diarrhea in newborn piglets on Cheju island and PED virus was need to further study to prevent this disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2018

Lawsonia intracellularis is the pathogenic agent of porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE). The bacterial pathogen infects the intestinal crypt cells which causes hyperplasia of the infected cells and leads to the process of intestinal pathogenesis. PPE includes some clinical maninfestations, including acute hemorrhagic diarrhea with sudden death in growing pigs and porcine intestinal adenomatosis, to a chronic diarrhea with reduced productivity of the infected pigs. The purpose of the present studies were carried out to determine L. intracellularis in livestock transport car of slaughterhouse. Distribution of L. intracellularis in livestock transport car were conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) testing method, total 300 samples. Of 300 samples, 119 (39.7%) were detected as positive to L. intracellularis in livestock transport car. In seasonal analysis, 42 (28.0%) out of 150 samples in spring and summer season. 77 (51.3%) out of 150 sample in autumn and winter season. In regional analysis, 53 (88.3%) out of 60 cars and the detection ratio showed that regional variation in livestock transport car.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.338-344
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• 2021

In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.981-989
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• 2014

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of functional oils (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda) on performance response of chickens challenged with coccidiosis and the determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), the coefficients of protein and ether extract digestibility and intestinal morphology of broilers fed with diets containing Essential. In Exp. 1, a completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion with coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) challenged birds and two different inclusion rates of Essential (1.5 kg/ton and 2 kg/ton) with coccidiosis-challenged and non-challenged birds for each inclusion rate, using 10 replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. After 7 d of coccidiosis challenge, the livability was approximately 10% lower (p<0.05) for the control group. Intestinal lesion scores were lower (p<0.05) in the anterior intestine and the cecum for the chickens supplemented. Feed efficiency and growth rate were improved in birds supplemented with Essential (p<0.05) before the coccidiosis challenge and during the first 7 d post infection. In Exp. 2, a CRD was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion and one diet with inclusion of Essential (1.5 kg/ton), using nine replications and 33 chicks per pen. The diets with Essential yielded approximately 4% higher AME (p = 0.003) and $AME_n$ (p = 0.001). Essential supplementation increased villus height in the jejunum on d 14 (p<0.05). Villus height:crypt depth ratio for the supplemented birds was larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum on d 7, larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum on d 14. In conclusion, these functional oils improved the energy utilization and the livability and decreased lesions caused by coccidiosis in supplemented birds.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.188-199
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• 2002

Objectives : Banhasasim-tang has been clinically used to treat upper gastric intestinal discomfort. The object of this study is to examine the defense effect of Banhasasim-tang for acute duodenal injury of the mouse. Methods and Materials : Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: the control group was untreated mice. The ADE group was acute duodenal-damage-elicited mice. The BST group was Banhasasim-tang treated mice before acute duodenal damage elicitation. The groups were examined with common morphology, paneth cells in intestinal crypt, absorptive cells and goblet cells in epithelium, cell division in mucose, COX-l as mucosal protector, COX-2 (which appears to play an important role in inflammation), IL-2R-inducing cellular immuno-chainreaction, and the distribution of apoptotic cells. Results : 1. Common morphology: the ADE group was observed with duodenal injury - loss of villi, infiltration of cells concerned to inflammation (lymphocytes, granular leukocytes) to submucosal layer - by hemorrhagic erosions, while the BST group was seen the same as normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. 2. Histochemical change: the ADE group was observed with noticeable decreased distribution of absorptive cells with microvilli, acid mucin secreted goblet cell, neutral mucin secreted goblet cell, paneth cells compared to the normal group. The BST group was seen to have distribution of epithelium cells resembling normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. 3. Imnunohistochemical change: the ADE group showed a change of factors leading to duodenal injury as reduce of cytokinesis, COX-1, increase of COX-2, IL-2R-. In contrast, the BST group tended to reduction of cytokinesis, COX-1, increase of COX-2, IL-2R- in proportion to increasing taking time before injury. 4. Apoptosis change: the ADE group showed increasing apoptosis cells, in contrast to the BST group which was the same as normal in proportion to increasing treatment time before injury. Conclusions : According to the above results, by increasing the defense system of mucosal epithelium, Banhasasim-tang is thought to effectively protect tissue against ulcers resulting from acute duodenal injury.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feed particle size and feed form on growth performance, nutrient metabolizability and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. This experiment was a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement including two feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and two feed forms (mash and pellet). A total of two hundred and eighty eight day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were used in this six week experiment. Birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and twelve birds per replicate. The results showed that pelleting diets resulted in greater ADG (p<0.01), greater ADFI (p<0.01) and lower feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p<0.05) during starter, grower and overall period. Also, pelleting improved both apparent metabolizable energy (AME) (p<0.01) and the apparent metabolizability of crude protein (p<0.05) and organic matter (p<0.05) regardless of the phase. Reduction of feed particle size enhanced AME (p<0.05) during d 19 to 21. Increased villus height (p<0.05) and crypt depth ratio (p< 0.05) within duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were observed in birds fed the pellet diet compared with those given the mash diet. In conclusion, results indicated that feed pellets might enhance performance by improving nutrient metabolizability and digestive tract development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.