• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2016

Volumetric capacity metrics at cryogenic condition are critical for technological and commercial development. It must be calculated and reported in a uniform and consistent manner to allow comparisons among different materials. In this paper, we propose a simple and universal protocol for the determination of volumetric capacity of sorbent materials at cryogenic condition. Usually, the sample container volume containing porous sample at RT can be directly determined by a helium expansion test. At cryogenic temperatures, however, this direct helium expansion test results in inaccurate values of the sample container volume for microporous materials due to a significant helium adsorption, resulting significant errors in hydrogen uptake. For reducing this container volume error, therefore, we introduced and applied the indirect method such as 'volume correction using a non-porous material', showing a reliable cold volume correction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

In this study, various technologies were analyzed to suppress the occurrence of leak due to the difference in heat shrinkage of vacuum container parts. Based on these technologies, a study was conducted on the development of vacuum leakage detection technology for cryogenic containers using helium leak detectors. In addition, a study on vacuum leakage detection using a helium leak detector was conducted to accurately detect the site where a cryogenic container leak occurs. Finally, a vacuum leak detection procedure was established based on the leak detection experiment for the cryogenic container in which the actual leak occurred using a helium leak detector, and it was confirmed that various tests can be conducted depending on the test subject conditions.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2023

Radiopharmaceuticals that need to be transported in a low-temperature state must satisfy both radiation safety and proper temperature maintenance. However, an efficient transport system considering the characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals that require low temperature maintenance has not yet existed. In order to secure a transportation system for the safe and stable transportation of the radiopharmaceutical ¹³¹I mIBG, which requires transportation in cryogenic conditions, we have developed a transportation system that can maintain cryogenic conditions below -60℃ for 6 days while stably fixing the inner container. In addition, by applying a data logger that can simultaneously measure the temperature and the dose of radiation, safety and stability in the transportation process can be secured at the same time. The cryogenic transportation system for ¹³¹I mIBG will be applied to products currently being supplied, and we expect to dramatically improve the management of cold chain radioactive material transportation.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Recently, research and commercialization related to the field of cell-based therapeutic drug development has been actively conducted. In order to maintain cell viability and prevent contamination, refrigeration preservation devices, such as CRF (controlled rate freezer) or vapor type LN2 tanks have been developed. On the other hand, the storage container for liquid nitrogen tanks currently on sale minimizes the flow structure to prevent structural defects when stored in a liquid nitrogen tank having a high thermal conductivity than vapor nitrogen. If the cell-based treatment drug is stored in the gaseous LN2 tank as it is, the cell survival after thawing is greatly reduced. It was estimated that the existing storage container structure was a factor that prevented the rapid entry and circulation of gaseous nitrogen into the container. Therefore, this study intends to propose a new supercellular storage container model that can maintain the mechanical strength while maximizing the fluid flow structure. To this end, we estimated that the structural change of the storage container effects on the equivalent stress formed around the through-holes of them when exposed to a cryogenic environment using thermal-structural coupled field analysis. As a result of storage experiments in the gas phase tank of the cell-based therapeutic agent using the developed storage container, it was confirmed that the cell growth rate was improved from 66% to 77%, which satisfied the transportation standards of the FDA(Food and Drug Administration) cell-based therapeutic agent.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.131-136
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• 2008

The double-walled steel vessel with powder insulation in the space between the walls is used to minimize heat transfer by radiation and conduction in cryogenic storage tank. The vacuum required the insulation is much less extreme than with high-vacuum or multilayer insulations. The solid supports are used to bear the weight of the inner container. Thermal and structural analysis of the tank have been carried out to study the effect of vacuum and weldment geometry of the internal supports. Heat flux in wall is increased with increasing of thermal conductivity of perlite. Heat flux and stress of support is not affected by weldment geometry.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2020

Cryogenic insulation systems, with proper materials selection and execution, can offer the highest levels of thermal performance. Insulations are listed in order of increasing performance and, generally, in order of increasing cost. The specific insulation to be used for a particular application is determined through a compromise between cost, ease of application and the effectiveness of the insulation. Consequently, materials, representative test conditions, and engineering approach for the particular application are crucial to achieve the optimum result. The present work is based on energy cost balance for optimizing the thickness of insulated chambers, using foamed or multi layered cryogenic shell. The considered insulation is a uniformly applied outer layer whose thickness varies with the initial and boundary conditions of the studied vessel under steady-state radial heat transfer. An expression of the optimal insulation thickness derived from the total cost function and depending on the geometrical parameters of the container is presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.113-118
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• 2021

In this study, localized development of a submerged cryogenic pump for use in LNG containers is conducted with large-sized commercial vehicles as the target. The submerged pump installed in an LNG storage container is the key module that supplies fuel to the engine through the reciprocating motion of a piston. Research and development on 660-L fuel containers is performed herein. The target is to achieve a mileage of 600 km or more by applying it to major NGV vehicles worldwide. In this manner, the present study aims to verify the operating mechanisms of the major parts of currently advanced products through reverse engineering in the early development process and draw basic design data.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.417-428
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• 1999

The measurement of VOSCs(volatile organic sulfur compounds) in the air is nowadays a very important environmental research field. It is, however, very difficult because the concentration of the VOSC in ambient air is usually very low and the high reactivity makes it difficult to keep in container without loss of recovery. In this study, sampling method with cryogenic preconcentration is evaluated for analysis of atmospheric VOSC such as $CH_3SH,\;CH_3CH_2SH,\;CH_3SCH_3,\;CS_2,\;CH_3SSCH_3,\;CH_3SCH_2SCHA_3,\;and\;C_2H_5SSC_2H_5$ analyzed by GC-MS or GC-FID. Repeatabilities of measurement accompanied with preconcentration for 3-successive runs were in the range of 0.2~1.0% as a relative standard deviation. Stabilities up to 13 days were measured in 6 L canister and 10 L tedlar bag filled with VOSCs in ppb level. Higher stability was observed in tedlar bag as compared to canister with glass coated inner walls, and thiol compounds show dramatic losses in canister within 2~3 days. It is found that recovery over 70% was obtained in a week for all tested VOSCs when the compounds from ambient air matrix were stored in tedlar bag. It is also found that the stabilities of VOSCs are depending on humidity and coexisting compounds in matrix gas due to sample adsorption onto inner surface and reactivity. The results indicate the possibility and limitations of VOSC analysis in ambient air using container sampling method with cryogenic preconcentration.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2012

This paper presents the material properties of carbon steels for ships, and offshore structures (ASTM A131) are tested under a series of arctic and cryogenic temperature conditions. For material tension tests, among the ASTM 131 steels, Grades A and B of mild steel and Grade AH of high tensile steel have been used. The obtained mechanical properties of the materials from the material tension tests were applied in a 13,000TEU class container ship to define the effect of low temperature on the ultimate longitudinal strength of the target structure by using the ALPS/HULL intelligent supersize finite element method. The tensile coupon test results showed increased strength and nonuniform fracture strain behaviors within different grades and temperatures. Increasing the material strength resulted in increasing the ultimate longitudinal strength of the ship.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.280-289
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• 2024

In this study, a cryogenic vessel was constructed to maintain and control the safe pressure of liquid hydrogen boil-off gas (BOG), and the numerical analysis was conducted on the development of computational fluid dynamics model inside the high-pressure vessel. An evaluation system was constructed using cryogenic inner and outer containers, pre-cooler, upper flange, and internal high-pressure container. We attempted to analyze the performance of the safety valve by injecting relatively high temperature hydrogen gas to generate BOG gas and quickly control the pressure of the high-pressure vessel up to 10 bar. As a results, the liquid volume fraction decreased with a rapid evaporation, and the pressure distribution increased monotonically inside a high pressure vessel. Additionally, it was found that the time to reach 10 bar was greatly affected by the filling rate of liquid hydrogen.