• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권5호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2020

Due to the high compressive and tensile strength of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), UHPC used in steel concrete composite structures provided thinner concrete layer compared to ordinary concrete. This leaded to the headed stud shear connectors embedded in UHPC had a low aspect ratio. In order to systematic investigate the effect of headed stud with low aspect ratio on the structural behaviors of steel UHPC composite structure s this paper firstly carried out a test program consisted of twelve push out specimens. The effects of stud height, aspect ratio and reinforcement bars in UHPC on the structural behaviors of headed studs were investigated. The push out test results shows that the increasing of stud height did not obviously influence the structural behaviors of headed studs and the aspect ratio of 2.16 was proved enough to take full advantage of the headed stud strength. Based on the test results, the equation considering the contribution of weld collar was modified to predict the shear strength of headed stud embedded in UHPC. The modified equation could accurately predict the shear strength of headed stud by comparing with the experimental results. On the basis of push out test results, bending tests consisted of three steel UHPC composite slabs were conducted to investigate the effect of shear connection degree on the structural behaviors of composite slabs. The bending test results revealed that the shear connection degree had a significantly influence on the failure modes and ultimate resistance of composite slabs and composite slab with connection degree of 96% in s hear span exhibited a ductile failure accompanied by the tensile yield of steel plate and crushing of UHPC. Finally, analytical model based on the failure mode of composite slabs was proposed to predict the ultimate resistance of steel UHPC composite slabs with different shear connection degrees at the interface.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2001

발파한 후 파쇄된 암석의 파쇄도는 발파효율을 나타내는 척도의 하나로서 발파방법을 평가하는 주요 인자이다. 파쇄도는 적재작업과 재활용을 위한 분쇄작업에 큰 영향을 미친다. 그러나 현장규모로 쌓여 있는 발파암 더미로부터 파쇄도를 조사한다는 것은 용이한 작업이 아니다. 본 논문에서는 현장 사례연구로서 터널발파에서 가장 중요한 요소인 심빼기방법 중 경사공을 이용한 V형 심빼기와 수평공 무장약공을 이용한 burn 심빼기 발파방법 중 파쇄도 측면에서 더 효율적인 방법을 선택하기 위하여 발파후 파쇄된 암을 사진촬영하여 이미지 분석을 실시하고 몇가지 파쇄입도 예측식을 이용한 분석 결과와 비교하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

Bottom ash can be used as pelletizing seeds in unsintered artificial lightweight aggregates, so it can be called as 'cold-bonded aggregates'. In the present study, the mechanical and chemical characteristics of bottom ash aggregates cold-bonded with fly ash were investigated. The crushing strength and the water transfer characteristic of the aggregates, which may affect the strength gain of the concrete, were evaluated. Moreover, the degree of hydration and the hydration products of the aggregates were analyzed to verify the chemical stability of the aggregates. Compared to commercialized artificial lightweight aggregates manufactured by sintering process, cold-bonded fly/bottom ash aggregates had similar levels of water transfer characteristics, while having lower strengths. The calcium hydroxide in the aggregates was almost completely consumed after 28 days moist curing.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.115-126
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• 1996

삼축압축시험의 결과를 이용해 2차광물성분을 많이 포함하고 있는 모앙이 편마암인 풍화잔적토의 압축 및 강도특성을 분석하여, 모암 및 광물성분비가 다른 기존의 연구결과와 비교하여 풍화잔적토의 모암과 광물성부네 따른 강도정수의 차이 및 거동특성을 파악하기 위한 근간을 제시하고자 본 연구를 수행하였으며, 치를 위하여 CIV, CID, CKoU, CKoD 등의 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. 기원 및 광물성분이 다른 풍화잔적토라도 정규압축곡선(NCL)의 기울기는 유사한 양상을 보이며, 압축시 입자파쇄효과로 인하여 약 85%의 소성변형량을 나타냈다. 전단시 또이동 시료는 김천 및 안동 시료와는 다르게 응력연화현상을 나타내 기원 및 구성광물에 따라 다른 거동을 보여줌을 알 수 있었다. 펀단저항각은 시료가 석영과 장석성분 등의 1차 광물과 2차광물의 구성성 분에 따라 달라짐을 알 수 있었으며, 반면에 간극수압계수는 기원 및 광물성분을 막론하고 1 이상의 큰 값을 나타냈다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 LCD 터치 패널 유리의 재활용을 위해 기계적 방법과 화학적 용해법을 혼용하여 OCA 및 유기 불순물을 제거하는 실험을 진행하였다. 터치 패널의 기계적 파분쇄를 위해 cut mill과 oscillation mill을 이용하였으며, OCA와 유기 불순물의 제거를 위해 물, 에탄올, 디클로로메탄을 이용하여 터치 패널 파쇄물을 세정하였다. 세정 이후 TGA를 통해 유기 불순물의 제거 효율을 평가한 결과 디클로로메탄 단일 용매를 사용한 경우 세정 효과가 가장 뛰어났으며, 세정 온도가 증가함에 따라 유기 불순물의 제거 효과가 증가함을 확인하였다. 제타 전위 측정을 통해 터치 패널 유리 파쇄물의 용매 내 분산도를 평가한 결과, 세정 효과가 가장 낮은 물의 제타 전위 절대값이 타용매에 비해 낮았으며, 유기물의 제거 효과는 화학적인 용해 특성뿐 아니라 용매 내 물리적인 분산 특성에 의해서도 영향을 받을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Composites Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.242-247
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• 2022

본 연구는 기존의 폐CFRP를 재활용하여 얻은 재생 탄소섬유를 다시 CFRP 제조에 활용하는 대신 탄소를 모재로 구성하는 탄소/탄소 (Carbon/Carbon, C/C) 복합소재를 제조하는 원료로 활용하기 위한 것이다. 먼저 일반적으로 많이 활용되는 에폭시수지 복합재료의 열분해 공정에 산화-불활성 분위기 변환 기술을 적용하여 1~2% 수준의 잔탄률을 19%까지 향상시켰으며, 이를 통해 에폭시수지 활용 C/C 복합재료 제조 가능성을 확인하였다. 다만, 산화-불활성 분위기 제어를 통한 열분해 공정으로 얻은 탄소의 경우 산소결합도가 높아 추후 개선 연구가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 폐CFRP를 열분해 열처리 후 파쇄 및 해쇄 공정을 통해 단섬유 C/C 복합재료 시험편을 제조하였으며 이에 대한 기계적 물성 평가를 통해 최적 공정 조건을 도출하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.239-258
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• 2012

In this paper, experimental investigations on high strength steel (HSS) stud connected steel-concrete composite (SCC) girders to understand the effect of shear connector density on their flexural behaviour is presented. SCC girder specimens were designed for three different shear capacities (100%, 85%, and 70%), by varying the number of stud connectors in the shear span. Three SCC girder specimens were tested under monotonic/quasi-static loading, while three similar girder specimens were subjected to non-reversal cyclic loading under simply supported end conditions. Details of casting the specimens, experimental set-up, and method of testing, instrumentation for the measurement of deflection, interface-slip and strain are discussed. It is found that SCC girder specimen designed for full shear capacity exhibits interface slip for loads beyond 25% of the ultimate load capacity. Specimens with lesser degree of shear connection show lower values of load at initiation of slip. Very good ductility is exhibited by all the HSS stud connected SCC girder specimens. It is observed that the ultimate moment of resistance as well as ductility gets reduced for HSS stud connected SCC girder with reduction in stud shear connector density. Efficiency factor indicating the effectiveness of high strength stud connectors in resisting interface forces is estimated to be 0.8 from the analysis. Failure mode is primarily flexure with fracturing of stud connectors and characterised by flexural cracking and crushing of concrete at top in the pure bending region. Local buckling in the top flange of steel beam was also observed at the loads near to failure, which is influenced by spacing of studs and top flange thickness of rolled steel section. One of the recommendations is that the ultimate load capacity can be limited to 1.5 times the plastic moment capacity of the section such that the post peak load reduction is kept within limits. Load-deflection behaviour for monotonic tests compared well with the envelope of load-deflection curves for cyclic tests. It is concluded from the experimental investigations that use of HSS studs will reduce their numbers for given loading, which is advantageous in case of long spans. Buckling of top flange of rolled section is observed at failure stage. Provision of lips in the top flange is suggested to avoid this buckling. This is possible in case of longer spans, where normally built-up sections are used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.