• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 1995

In the proximate composition of the yams of home product, wild yam was most abundant in crude lipid and crude protein, and those content in the cultivated yams, cultivated long yam and cultivated short yam were similar. Cultivated long yam is the richest in crude ash. African yam had more crude lipid and crude protein compare to those of home product yams. Especially, the amount of crude lipid in African yam was four-fold of home product yams. In the mineral content, Ca was the richest mineral in four kinds of yam. The rest of mineral were in order of Fe, Mn and Zn. Among the home product yams, the Ca content of wild yam was higher than that of cultivated yam. The contents of Fe, Mn and Zn were also high in wild yam compared to cultivated yam. In the composition of free sugars, the sucrose content is the highest in wild yam, cultivated short yam and African yam. in order The fructose content was the most abundant in cultivated long yam and the next was sucrose. The composition of free fatty acids were in order of lactobacillic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. Crude saponin contents of the home products were almost similar levle, but crude saponin of wild yam was more abundant than that of cultivated yam. And crude saponin of African yam was much more abundant compared that of other home product yams. there is not much difference in the kinds of saponin from the home product yams. However, the amount of each saponin from the home product yams was different. In case of African yam, 'b' saponin did not appear and 'e' saponin was higher compared with home product yams. In African yam, the bitter taste from ethyl acetate layer was the strongest, and the next was n-butanol layer. It is possible that there was a powerful UV absorption material in the bitter taste of ethyl acetate layer and also supposed that there were saponin and phenol is material.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 1989

Crude saponin and ginsenosides in commercial white ginsengs such as six kinds of whole ginsengs, five kinds of tail roots and one undergrade raw ginseng were analyzed. The contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in whole ginsengs were found to be 2.7 to 4.6% and 1.0 to 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, those of tail roots were 3.3 to 7.2% and 1.3 to 4.4%, respectively. The content ratio of PD to PT saponin in whole ginsengs showed a little variation as 0.73 to 0.92, while those of tail roots showed a greater variation in the range of 0.72 to 1.75, indicating that tail roots contain higher content of PD saponin than whole ginsengs did.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2001

This study was carried out to isolate saponin compounds from red-ginseng efflux, which was produced during the industrial processing of red-ginseng from fresh ginseng. We isolated crude saponin from the efflux extract (moisture content 35.0%) by using Diaion HP-20 adsorption method. Non-saponin fraction, which was adsorbed on Diaion HP-20 resin, was removed by eluating with $H_{2}O$ and 25% spirit. Then crude saponin was eluated with 95% spirit, continuously. Saponin in the eluated fractions was confirmed by TLC analysis. Crude saponin isolated from red ginseng efflux extract contained 12.10% of saponin. whereas those of white ginseng and red-ginseng were 3.30 and 3.39%, respectively. Ginsenoside contents showed the highest contents kin crude saponin from red ginseng efflux extract. Expacilly, the ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and Re showed the highest contents in red-ginseng efflux extract when compared with those of white ginseng and red ginseng crude saponins. And the other ginsenosides except ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and -Re also showed the highest contents in red ginseng efflux extract. However, the ratio of PD saponin (Panaxadiol saponin: $Rb_{1}+Rb_{2}$+Rc+Rd) to PT saponin (panaxatriol: $Re+Rg_{1}$) showed almost the same level when compared with those of ginseng saponin fractions. Ratio of PD/PT from red ginseng efflux extract was 1.99. Ratios of PD/PT from white ginseng and red ginseng were 1.85 and 1.84, respectively. Saponin purity, which was calculated by ratio percent of total ginsenoside to curde saponin content, was 45.90%. In case of white ginseng and red ginseng, the purities were 35.50 and 36.00%, respectively. However, by PHLC analysis, we confirmed that crude saponin isolated from red ginsengs. It suggested that crude saponin isolated from red ginseng ellux also would be useful component as ginseng saponins.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1998

This stuffy was carried to establish a new efficient method for the preparation of edible crude ginseng saponin. The conventional butanol extraction and resin adsorption methods were compared for the contents of total crude ginseng saponin and major ginsenosides. Seventy- percent methanol extract was applied to Diaion HP-20 column and the resin was washed with Hn and eluted with absolute methanol. The methanol elute was dried in vivo and analyzed for its ginsenosides. Use of ethanol instead of methanol to make edible crude ginseng saponin gave a similar result. Butanol extraction was performed by the conventional method. The final aqueous layer from butanol extraction was passed through Diaion HP-20 column followed by elution with methanol and Diaion HP-20 passed fraction was extracted with butanol to recover remaining components, respectively, in order to determine saponin loss. TLC and HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively monitored Ginsenosides, respectively. Loss of ginsenosides was higher in butanol extraction method than in Diction HP-20 adsorption method. In addition, saponin fractions prepared by Diction HP-20 adsorption method showed higher content of each ginsenoside, showing 8.2% higher purity than that of butanol extracted fraction. From these results, we propose the resin adsorption method as a new efficient measure for the preparation of crude ginseng saponin, which is edible by using spirit instead of methanol.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.123-128
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• 1981

인삼엽에서 추출한 crude saponin이 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 $CO_2$발생, alcohol발효, 균체생산에 미치는 영향를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1)발효액 중 효모의 $CO_2$발생은 crude saponin 농도 3%, 1.5%, 0.7%, 5%, 7%, 0.3%는 대조구보다 빠르고, 9%구에서는 $CO_2$발생이 억제되었다. 이들 시험구 중 3%구가 $CO_2$발생이 가장 많았다. (2)발효 중 각 시험구의 alcohol 함량의 순위는 5%, 3%, 1.5%, 7%, 0.3%, 대조구(0%)며, 이들 시험구 중 5%구와 3%구는 다른 시험구보다 alcohol 생산량이 현저히 증산되었다. (3) 발효 중 crude saponin 액 소량첨가구 (0~0.7%)는 시간이 경과됨에 따라 pH가 감소했으나, 다량첨가구 (1.5~7%)는 24~48시간 사이에 pH 변화가 심하였으며 그 이후부터는 증가하였다. (4) 건조균체량은 모든 시험구에서 대조구 (0%) 보다 많았으며 그 중 3%구가 현저하게 많았다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1986

the purpose of this paper is to study on the proximate composition, mineral and saponin content in white sesame, black sesame, and perilla seed. For this purpose, we have compared six different materials: white-raw-sesame, white-roast-sesame, black-raw-sesame, black-roast-sesame, raw-perilla seed and roast perilla seed, and have come to the following results. The crude fat content was the highest in white-raw-sesame(55.3%). In all the six samples, the crude fat content in raw seeds was all higher than that in roast seeds. The crude protein content was the highest in the roast perilla seed(24.6%), and in the six samples, the crude protein content in roast seeds all higher than that in roast seeds. The total sugar content was found to be the highest in the roast perilla seed(8.29%). The reducing sugar content was higher in raw perilla seed(1.57%) than in other sample materials. The ash content was the highest in black raw-sesame(5.93%), and that percentage rates was the same as that of FAO and of Japan. Minerals like Cd. Mn. Cu. Na. Mg. Pb. and Ca. were found to be contained more in black sesame than in other sample materials. The minerals contained most in white sesame were Zn.(61.6ppm) and Fe(49.4ppm), and K was contained a little more in perilla seed than in the others. The sample materials which contain saponin most were white-roast-sesame(0.34%) and black-roast-sesame(029%).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.112-116
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• 1990

As a part of studies on the quality control of crude drug preparation drinks, ginseng saponins were identified by HPLC. Ginsenoside-Rb1 was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Ginsenoside MeOH/H2O(65:35:10, v/v) on Si-gel plate. Ginsenoside-Rb1 content determined by HPLC on Lichrosorbtract drinks was 57.5-70.4% compared to the content in the red ginseng extract.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권2호통권149호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2007

We investigated the contents of crude saponin in the decoctions of Platycodi Radix prepared by the different extraction processes. Each lyophilized decoctions prepared by the different protocol were suspended in water and partitioned with ethylacetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (BuOH), which gave the EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and the remaining water fraction, respectively. The content of crude saponin, which was estimated as the amount of BuOH fraction, and the HPLC profiles of the BuOH fraction were analyzed, and compared each others. The crude saponin content in the decoctions were increased proportionally to the increment of the extraction time, amount of water, extraction temperature and the number of repetition for extraction. Consequently, the optimized conditions were deduced to be suitable and recommendable for the preparation of Platycodi Radix ; the water amount needed for the extraction be 15-20 volumes to crude material, temperature for extraction be optimal at $85{\sim}100^{\circ}C$, extraction time be more than 5 hours and the repetition of extraction was 2 times.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.254-259
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• 1995

The content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species were analyzed according to their species, region and processing type of red and white ginseng. The species employed were Korean-, Chinese-, Japanese red ginsengs, and Korean white ginseng of Panax ginseng, American- and Canadian ginsengs of Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoinseng. Twelve main saponin components in the ginseng were identified and quantified using TLC and HPLC. All three species had remarkably different content and composition. However, within each species they were similar. Twelve major ginsenosides were determined in P. ginseng, eight in p. quinquefolium, and six in P. notoginseng. Of the components of P ginseng Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$ and Ra were not detected in P quinquefolium, and $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, $Rh_2$, Ra and Ro not detected in P. notoinseam. Crude saponin content and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol saponin ratio were compared. They were 4.81~5.24% and 1.27~ 1.45 in p. ginsengs, 7.01~7.25% and 2.12~ 2.15 in p. quinquefolium, 9.80% and 0.99 in P. notoineng. The prosapogenin and sapogenin content were different among the Panax species.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.528-534
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• 2011

추출용매와 조작순서를 달리하여 원료인삼 및 압출성형 가공시 인삼의 사포닌 함량 및 항산화 정도의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 인삼과 압출성형한 가공 인삼의 80% 에탄올 엑기스, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획을 각각 얻은 후 LC/MASS를 사용하여 사포닌 함량을 조사하고 기존의 여러 가지 항산화 작용 측정 방법들의 오류를 없애고 더욱 정확한 결과를 낼 수 있는 대처 방안으로 선정된 ORAC 분석법에 의해 항산화 활성을 검토하였다. 검체 인삼 중 사포닌은 ginsenoside Rb1과 Rg1 및 Re를 주요 성분으로 다량 함유하고 있었으며, Rb2, Rc, Rd 등이 뒤를 이었고, 그밖에도 Rg3, Rh1가 미량 분포하고 있었다. 압출 성형 인삼의 경우 원료 인삼에 비해 전반적으로 사포닌 함량이 높았으며, 주로 ginsenoside Re와 Rb1 및 Re가 많았고, 그밖에 Rc, Rb2, Rg1, Rh, Rd 등이었으며, 특히 원료인삼에서 미량 존재하던 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 증가함을 보였다. 이러한 현상은 압출인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 부탄올층에서도 같은 경향을 보였다. 원료 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층에서는 Rg1 함량이 높았고, 압출인삼에서는 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 용출되었으며, Rg1, Re, Rb1 등이 용출되었다. ORAC 분석법에 의한 항산화 활성 연구에서 원료인삼 중의 여러 생리활성 성분이 많이 함유되어 있는 80% 에탄올 추출 분획과 일반적으로 극성의 사포닌 성분을 많이 함유한 수포화 부탄올층의 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트층과 수층에 비해 높았으나, 압출성형과정을 거치더라도 유의성 있는 증가는 없었다. 그러나 압출성형과정을 거친 압출 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 수층 분획이 대조 원료인삼의 각각의 분획들에 비해 모두 유의성($p$ >0.05)있는 증가를 보였다. 또한 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 80% 에탄올 추출 엑기스, 에틸 아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획 모두에서 일정 수준의 항산화 활성을 나태내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 특히 인삼사포닌을 거의 함유하지 않은 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 수층에서도 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 인삼 중 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트 층으로 이행되는 폴리페놀 계통 성분 및 일부 비극성의 사포닌에 의한 것으로 추측되고 있으나, 모든 분획에서 나타난 것으로 보아 이들 외에 산성 다당체, 당단백질, 수용성 다당류, 말톨 등 다른 생리 활성 물질에 대한 연구가 요구된다.