• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2016

This study was performed to provide information for improving the quality characteristics of tangerine peel Soksungjang. Tangerine peel Soksungjangs were prepared with 10% tangerine peel powder by addition of different koji such as Rhizopus oligosporus (RS, RTS) and Aspergillus oryzae (AS, ATS). As a result, the moisture content was not changed and crude protein content decreased during fermentation in all samples. The pH of RS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji) and RTS (Soksungjang manufactured with Rhizopus oligosporus koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) was not changed, whereas pH of AS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae) and ATS (Soksungjang manufactured with Aspergillus oryzae koji and 10% tangerine peel powder) decreased rapidly after 10 days of fermentation. The acidity values of all the samples increased during fermentation. The major free sugars were glucose, fructose, and maltose; while, the major organic acids were citric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid in all the samples. The amino nitrogen content and protease activity were highest in the AS and ATS. Conversely, the reducing sugar content and ${\alpha}$-amylase activity were highest in the RS and RTS. The major free amino acids in all samples were glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Sixty kinds of volatile flavor compounds were identified from all samples; the majority of which were 21 alcohols, 14 hydrocarbons, 5 esters, and others identifies as acids, ketones, and aldehydes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of the proteolytic enzyme extracted from Neungee mushroom [Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito]. The enzyme was purified by using Tris-acryl CM-cellulose ion exchange, gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 54, Hydroxy apatite column chromatography and preparative isoelectic focusing. The specific activity of the purified enzyme increased 8 times as compared with that of the crude enzyme. The enzyme was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The optimum pH was 10.1, indicating the enzyme to be alkaline protease and the optimum temperature was $57^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was stable at temperatures lower than $50^{\circ}C$and at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 10.8. However, the enzyme activity decreased by 26 and 65% at 60 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively, when incubated for 30 minutes. The enzyme activity was activated by $Mn^{++}$ and inhibited by $Cu^{++}$ and $Hg^{++}$. The enzyme was consisted of monomer and its molecular weight estimated to be about 30,100 when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE. Isoelectric point of the enzyme was determined to be 9.80.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1734-1744
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• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.308-315
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• 2007

For the effective use of squid processing by-products as food resources, the distribution and the extraction condition of endoprotease and exopeptidase from viscera of Illex argentinus were investigated. Crude protein and lipid contents of viscera of Illex argentinus were 17.2% and 16.9%, respectively. Regardless of kinds of extraction solution (water, 1% NaCl, 1% KCl and 1% NaCl- KCl) and extraction times (1-20 h), endoprotease activities from viscera of Illex argentinus on Hb, casein and azocasein (pH 6.0) were higher than those on casein and azocasein of the other pHs, thus indicating that the distribution of protein hydrolysing protease is distinctive in the weak acid pH range. Exopeptidase activities against LeuPNA and ArgPNA at pH 7.5 were relatively higher than endoprotease activity of the same pH. The results suggested that exopeptidase among proteases from viscera of Illex argentinus was reasonable for application in food industry compared to endoprotease. The activity in enzymes from viscera of Illex argentinus was the highest in the exopeptidase extracted with deionized distilled water at room temperature for 6-8 h. The optimal reaction conditions of crude enzyme from viscera of Illex argentinus were 7.5 for pH and $50-55^{\circ}C$ for temperature.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.363-366
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• 2000

This study was attempted to compare the properties of proteolytic enzymes in fruits(Pear, Kiwifruit, Fig, Pineapple and Papaya) for the application of scientific information to cooking. The results were as follows: 1. The optimum temperature of crude proteolytic enzymes in pear, fig and pineapple is 60$^{\circ}C$ and it was relatively active in 40-70$^{\circ}C$; papaya showed max. activity in 60$^{\circ}C$ and highly stable activity in 40-80$^{\circ}C$, but kiwifruit showed max. activity in 40$^{\circ}C$ and it maintained to 70$^{\circ}C$. 2.. The crude proteolytic enzymes of pear, fig, pineapple and papaya showed opt. pH at pH 7.0 and maintained at pH 5.0-8.0, but max. activity of kiwifruit observed in pH 3.0 and pH 5.0-8.0. 3. As a result of comparison of total activities of fruits per kg unit, the order of activities was pineapple > kiwifruit > papaya > fig > pear.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.322-325
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• 2005

Pseudomonas sp. JH1014 was isolated from stream water as a detergent-compatible alkaline protease producing microorganism. The strain produced no detectable cellulolytic activity in LB medium. The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose induced the production of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) without causing any significant change in the growth pattern of the strain. The strain reached its maximum growth after 9 to 12 h at $37^{\circ}C$, and the production of CMCase in the presence of the substrate reached its maximum after 21 h of growth at $37^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH of the crude enzyme preparation was pH 6.0. The enzyme had an optimal temperature at $55^{\circ}C$, and retained 70% of its original activity when preincubated at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Activity staining of the crude enzyme preparation separated on an SDS-PAGE gel showed two active bands with molecular masses of 54 and 30 kDa, indicating that Pseudomonas sp. JH1014 produced at least 2 kinds of CMCase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1591-1597
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens extract (CFE) on levels of essential amino acids in serum and the rate of protein digestion. CFE contains approximately 68% carbohydrate as fiber, 17% crude ash, and 14% crude protein. Experimental rats were divided two groups, one group receiving a normal diet and the other a normal diet containing 5% CFE. To analyze the absorption of essential amino acids into the hepatic portal vein, blood from the hepatic portal vein was collected between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. for 10 days. In vitro protein digestion was decreased in the group fed 5% CFE; these data indicated that CFE affected protease activity. We measured the absorption of essential amino acids in the serum of the hepatic portal vein, at 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120 minutes after feeding. Although there was no difference in the concentration of total essential amino acids between the two groups, the 5% CFE-fed animals had a decreased rate of absorption. Absorption of Lys and Thr into the hepatic portal vein was lower in the CFE-fed group than in the control group. The rate of absorption of Met was delayed nearly 50% in the CFE-fed group compared to the control group. On the other hand, the rate of absorption of Leu, Ile, and Val was increased; Phe showed the same. Therefore, we suggest that CFE could affect protein metabolism by increasing or decreasing the absorption rate of essential amino acids.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2022

Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40 kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45 × 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1℃). The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000 mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 : 500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]). The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). This allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30 and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets could be used as a zinc alternative.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.606-614
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• 2023

This study was conducted to optimize the size of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (OF) as a material of sikhae and to investigate the quality characteristics. The results on the protease activity of OF meat, protein and ash contents of the bone, and yields and hardness of fish bone during fermentation time suggest that the suitable fish weight for sikhae was less than 250 g. The proximate compositions of the OF sikhae fermented under optimum condition (fermentation for 9 days at 15℃), were 73.0% moisture, 12.0% crude protein, 1.3% crude fat and 2.4% ash. The salinity, titration acidity and amino acid nitrogen contents per 100 g sikhae were 1.7 g, 2.46 g, and 311.3 mg, respectively. The lactic acid bacteria concentration in the sikhae were 8.84 log CFU/g, which were higher than those (5.78-6.62 log CFU/g) of 5 kind of commercial flounder sikhae. The functional properties, such as ACE inhibitory activity (69.0%), antioxidative activity (69.3%), α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (22.7%), xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (88.2%), and nitrite scavenging activity (96.4%) of the sikhae were superior to those of 5 kind of commercial flounder sikhae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1676-1685
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• 2009

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of various feed additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing wheat distiller' grains with solubles (WDGS). Seventy-two, individually fed pigs (19.7${\pm}$2.6 kg), were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 6${\times}$2 (treatment${\times}$sex) factorial design (N = 12). The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal while the five experimental diets contained 20% WDGS during the growing period and 12% WDGS during the finishing period. One 20% WDGS diet was unsupplemented while the remaining diets were supplemented with either 0.1% threonine, 5% canola oil, 0.2% enzyme (0.1% Endofeed W containing 1,250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of $\beta$-glucanase and 0.1% Vegpro containing 7,700 HUT/g protease and 75 CMC/g cellulase), or a combination of the three additives at the same levels as those fed separately. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy were all significantly higher in the control diet than the unsupplemented diet containing 20% WDGS. None of the feed additives improved nutrient digestibility. In addition, none of the additives had any significant effect on gain or feed intake during the growing (19.7 to 43.6) or finishing (43.6 to 114.3 kg) periods or overall (19.7 to 114.3 kg). During the growing period, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed the combination of additives compared with the unsupplemented WDGS diet. During the finishing period and overall, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed 5% canola oil alone or in combination with the other additives. None of the supplements had any effect on carcass traits. These results indicate that WDGS can be successfully used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in diets fed to growingfinishing pigs. However, due to its low energy content, there may be some merit in including high energy ingredients such as canola oil when diets containing WDGS are fed.