• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.36C no.11
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• pp.75-83
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• 1999

We propose a PfSGA(parameter-free species genetic algorithm) to learn the topological structure of MLP classifiers being adequate to given applications. The PfSGA is a combinational method of SGA(species genetic algorithm) and PfGA(parameter-free genetic algorithm). In SGA, we divide the total search space into several subspaces(species) according to the number of hidden units, and reduce the unnecessary search by eliminating the low promising species from the evolutionary process. However the performances of SGA classifiers are readily affected by the values of parameters such as mutation ratio and crossover ratio. In this paper, therefore, we combine SGA with PfGA, for which it is not necessary to determine the learning parameters. Experimental results on benchmark data and sign language words show that PfSGA can reduce the learning time of SGA and is not affected by the selection parameter values on structural learning. The results also show that PfSGA is more efficient than the exisiting methods in the aspect of misclassification ratio, learning rate, and complexity of MLP structure.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a channel estimation of side information method based received motion vectors for distributed video coding. The proposed decoder estimates motion vectors of side information and transmits it to the encoder. As the proposed encoder generates side information which is the same to one in the decoder with received motion vectors, accuracy of side information of the decoder is assessed and it is transmitted to decoder. The proposed decoder can also estimate accurate crossover probability with received error information. As the proposed method conducts correct belief propagation, computational complexity of the channel decoder decreases and error correction capability is significantly improved with the smaller amount of parity bits. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is better in rate-distortion performance and it is faster than several conventional distributed video coding methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1333-1339
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to determine plasma acetate, glucose and protein metabolism using dilution of isotopes [[1-$^{13}C$]Na acetate, [U-$^{13}C$]glucose and [1-$^{13}C$]leucine (Leu)] in sheep fed rice straw (Oriza japonica L.). Four sheep were assigned to either rice straw (RS-diet) or mixed hay (MH-diet) with a crossover design. Nitrogen (N) intake and N digestibility were lower (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet, but N retention did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets. Concentrations of rumen acetate tended to be lower (p = 0.07), and propionate was higher (p = 0.02) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Concentrations of plasma lactate, non-esterified fatty acids, Leu and ${\alpha}$-ketoisocaproic acid did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets, but plasma glucose and urea concentrations were lower (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Turnover rate of plasma acetate did not differ (p = 0.39) between the diets, and plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates were numerically lower (p = 0.15 and p = 0.14, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Whole body protein synthesis and degradation did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets. Thus it can be concluded that the intermediary metabolism of acetate, glucose and protein on rice straw is comparable to mixed hay in sheep.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2020

Objectives: Palatal infiltration is the most painful and uncomfortable anesthesia technique for maxillary impacted third molar surgery (MITMS). This approach could cause patients distress and aversion to dental treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of a buccal infiltration injection without a palatal injection in MITMS. Materials and Methods: This prospective research study was a crossover split mouth-randomized controlled trial. Twenty-eight healthy symmetrical bilateral MITMS patients (mean age, 23 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. Buccal infiltration injections without palatal injections were designated as the study group and the buccal with palatal infiltration cases were the control group, using 4% articaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine. The operation started after 10 minutes of infiltration. Pain assessment was done using a visual analogue scale and a numeric rating scale after each injection and extraction procedure. Similarly, the success rate, hemodynamic parameters, and additional requested local anesthetic were assessed. Results: The results showed that the pain associated with local anesthetic injections between both groups were significantly different. However, the success rates between the groups were not significantly different. Postoperative pain was not significant between both groups and a few patients requested an additional local anesthetic, but the results were not statistically significant. For hemodynamic parameters, there was a significant difference in systolic pressure during incision, bone removal, and tooth elevation. In comparison, during the incision stage there was a significant difference in diastolic pressure; however, other steps in the intervention were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion: We concluded that buccal infiltration injection without palatal injection can be an alternative technique instead of the conventional injection for MITMS.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.88-97
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• 2002

The effect of aminosiloxane modifier on the chemorheological properties of ortho-cresol novolac epoxy/phenol novelac/triphnylphosphine resin system was investigated aat different isothermal curing temperatures. By adding the aminosiloxane to the resin system, not only conversion rate and conversion were increased but also glass transition temperature was promoted. Critical conversion and gelation time obtained at the crossover point between storage and loss moduli were reduced and thus the viscosity was increased by the aminosiloxane. $C_1$ and $C_2$ in the WLF equation calculated from the glass transition temperature as a function of conversion and measured viscosity were found to vary with the curing temperature. By applying the change of glass transition temperature with conversion, $C_1$ and $C_2$ to WLF equation, it was possible to predict accurately the viscosity change with isothermal curing reaction.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.650-655
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• 2001

Carvedilol is a nonselective $\beta$-blocking agent with vasodilating properties that are attributed mainly to its blocking activity at $\alpha$$^{1}$-receptors. Carvedilol is used in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertention and angina pectoris and is often used in combination with other drugs. This study was carried out to evaluate the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of two carvedilol 25mg tablet formulations according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty healthy volunteers are enrolled and received a single dose (25mg as carvedilol) of each drug in the fasting state, in a randomized 2-way crossover design. After oral administration, blond samples were collected for a period of 30 hours. Plasma concentrations of carvedilol were determined by a rapid and sensitive HPLC method with spectrofluorometric detection. The major pharmacokinetic parameters such as AU $C_{0-}$30hr/, AU $C_{inf}$ , $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $t_{1}$2 / Cl/F and V $_{\beta}$//F were calculated. ANOVA test and t-test were utilized for the statistical analysis of each parameter. The results showed that the differences in AU $C_{0-}$30hr/, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two were ~5.66, 1.74 and 0.00%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences ($\Delta$) at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than$\pm$ 20% except $T_{max}$ (8.44, 18.36, and 33.86%, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals of all parameters were within $\pm$20% (-10.60~ -0.72, -9.00~12.49 and -19.81~19.81%, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that the two formulations are bioequivalent for both the extent and the rate of absorption after single dose administration.ation.ion.ion.ation.ion.n.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.93-96
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• 2018

This study aimed to establish an injection protocol to determine the precise CT scan timing in canine abdominal multi-phase CT using the test bolus method. Three dynamic scans with different contrast injection parameters were performed using a crossover design in eight normal beagle dogs. A contrast material was administered at a fixed dose of 200 mg iodine/kg as a test bolus for dynamic scans 1 and 2, and 600 mg iodine/kg as a main bolus for dynamic scan 3. The contrast materials were administered with 1 ml/s in dynamic scan 1, and 3 ml/s in dynamic scan 2 and 3. The mean arrival time to the appearance of aortic enhancement in dynamic scan 3 was similar to that in dynamic scan 2, and different significantly to that in dynamic scan 1. The mean arrival time to the peak aortic and pancreatic parenchymal enhancement in dynamic scan 3 was similar to that in dynamic scan 1, and different significantly to that in dynamic scan 2. In multi-phase CT scan, a test bolus should be injected with the same injection duration of a main bolus, to obtain the precise arrival times to peak of arterial or pancreatic parenchymal enhancement.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2006

The goal of this study was to analyze the effects of genistein, a widely used tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on cloned Shaw-type $K^+$ currents, Kv3.1 which were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using the whole-cell configuration of patch-clamp techniques. In whole-cell recordings, genistein at external concentrations from 10 to $100{\mu}M$ accelerated the rate of inactivation of Kv3.1 currents, thereby concentration-dependently reducing the current at the end of depolarizing pulse with an $IC_{50}$ value of $15.71{\pm}0.67{\mu}M$ and a Hill coefficient of $3.28{\pm}0.35$ (n=5). The time constant of activation at a 300 ms depolarizing test pulses from -80 mV to +40 mV was $1.01{\pm}0.04$ ms and $0.90{\pm}0.05$ ms (n=9) under control conditions and in the presence of $20{\mu}M$ genistein, respectively, indicating that the activation kinetics was not significantly modified by genistein. Genistein $(20{\mu}M)$ slowed the deactivation of the tail current elicited upon repolarization to -40 mV, thus inducing a crossover phenomenon. These results suggest that drug unbinding is required before Kv3.1 channels can close. Genistein-induced block was voltage-dependent, increasing in the voltage range $(-20\'mV{\sim}0\'mV)$ for channel opening, suggesting an open channel interaction. Genistein $(20{\mu}M)$ produced use-dependent block of Kv3.1 at a stimulation frequency of 1 Hz. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of Kv3.1 was not changed by $20{\mu}M$ genistein. Our results indicate that genistein blocks directly Kv3.1 currents in concentration-, voltage-, time-dependent manners and the action of genistein on Kv3.1 is independent of tyrosine kinase inhibition.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare laryngoscopic views and ease of use and success of intubation, via the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) scale when using the Miller blade and Macintosh blade in paraglossal approach. Methods: Forty intern doctors were randomized for laryngoscopy to be performed in a crossover manner. They performed endotracheal intubation with Miller blade and Macintosh blade in two airway scenarios: normal airway and difficult airway with edema. We observed the rate of successful intubation, time required for visualizing the glottis, time to complete endotracheal intubation, ease of intubation, and the POGO scale. Results: In the normal airway, there was no difference in intubation between the two endoscopes. In the difficult airway, the time for visualizing the glottis (7.80 versus 10.24 sec; p=.006), the time to tube passage (19.38 versus 23.03 sec; p=.038) and the time to complete endotracheal intubation (21.84 versus 28.54 sec; p=.022) with Miller blade was shorter than with Macintosh blade. The POGO scale(%) of the Miller blade was higher than that of the Macintosh blade's (62.25 versus 56.32; p=.030). Conclusion: Compared to the Macintosh blade, Miller blade provided better visualization of the glottis and POGO scale, and faster time to completion of endotracheal intubation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.896-902
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• 2019

In this paper, we proposed two methods to automatically generate color images similar to existing images using genetic algorithms. Experiments were performed on two different sizes($256{\times}256$, $512{\times}512$) of gray and color images using each of the proposed methods. Experimental results show that there are significant differences in the evolutionary performance of each technique in genetic modeling for image generation. In the results, evolving the whole image into sub-images evolves much more effective than modeling and evolving it into a single gene, and the generated images are much more sophisticated. Therefore, we could find that gene modeling, selection method, crossover method and mutation rate, should be carefully decided in order to generate an image similar to the existing image in the future, or to learn quickly and naturally to generate an image synthesized from different images.