• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2015

To enhance the consumption of horse meat, its nutritional composition was analyzed and compared to that of white meat (i.e., chicken and duck), which consumers consider healthy. Horse meat samples used in the experiment were classified by breed and grade as follows: Jeju horse (grade $1^+$ and 1), Jeju crossbred horse (grade 1 and 2), Thoroughbred (no grade), and cuts (loin, chuck roll, and arm picnic). In an analysis of general components and cholesterol, the horse meat was confirmed as a low-fat, high-protein, and low-cholesterol food material. In an amino acid analysis, horse meat contained a higher proportion of essential amino acids than white meat. The fatty acid compositions were also analyzed. The content of linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid, was significantly higher in all horse meat groups than in Ross chicken and Pekin duck meat. The content of palmitoleic acid showed similar results. In a mineral analysis, the levels of Fe and Zn in horse meat were higher than those of white meat. The mineral content was as follows except for the leg of shite meat: K > P > Na > Mg > Ca > Zn > Fe.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 2011

Awareness effect of aquapuncture with dexamethasone on GV-26 was studied in tiletamine/zolazapam anesthetized six healthy crossbred dogs using a randomized cross-over experimental study design. After anesthesia by tiletamine/zolazapam, 0.1 mg dexamethasone was injected on GV-26 at 20 min in the experimental group. For the control group, 0.1 mg dexamethasone was injected on the quadriceps femoralis. A significant difference was evident in the sedation score between groups at 60 and 90 min (p < 0.05). A significant difference was also evident in the analgesia score at 50 and 60 min (p < 0.05). At 90 min, all dogs in the experimental group responded strongly to pain (p < 0.01). Head up time, sternal recumbent time, standing time, and walking time was shorter in the experimental group, but the difference from the control group was statistically significant only for head up time and walking time (p < 0.05). GV-26 acupuncture with dexamethasone is useful for awareness effects after anesthesia.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.158-163
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• 2017

We examined the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes of the mycelium of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia). Three different strains of S. latifolia collected from several sites in Korea and one crossbred strain were cultured on potato dextrose broth (PDB) and Kirk's medium in order to study the activities of their ligninolytic enzymes. Mycelial growth reached maximum levels between 14 and 21 days after inoculation and pH increased by 0.12 units over 35 days. Laccase activity began increasing after 14 days on both types of media. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity followed a trend similar to that of laccase on Kirk's medium, but not on PDB. The activity of lignin peroxidase (LiP) differed from that of other enzymes; its activity decreased by half after 14 days on PDB but remained constant on Kirk's medium over 35 days. The total protein concentration increased considerably after 14 days and peaked at 21 days on PDB. A similar maximum was attained on Kirk's medium. In contrast, the residual glucose increased rapidly at 14 days on Kirk's medium, while increasing gradually up to 28 days on PDB. This study indicates that S. latifolia is more similar to white rot fungi than to other brown rot fungi.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Recently, duck meat consumption has been rapidly increased because consumers recognized duck meat for healthy food. In relation to this, Korean duck industry need to develop Korean native duck (KND) breed for both conservation perspective and self-sufficient of the breeding stocks. In this study, 24 microsatellite (MS) markers were investigated for classification of KND and commercial duck (CD) breeds in the Korean market. Using these MS markers, the calculated number of alleles (K), expected heterozygosity (He) values and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 1~16, 0~0.865 and 0~0.841, respectively. Also, the expected probability of identical values in random individuals (PI), random sib ($PI_{sib}$) and random half-sib ($PI_{half-sib}$) were estimated as $1.64{\times}10^{-16}$, $2.60{\times}10^{-7}$ and $1.30{\times}10^{-12}$, respectively. The results indicated that the expected probabilities of identity powers were enough for the individual identification. However, KND and CD breeds were not fully discriminated well using the 24 MS markers, which may CD and KND has shared same origin or crossbred. Therefore, further studies will be ultimately needed for developing a genetically pure line of KND breed even though the DNA markers used. Finally, these results will provide useful information for individual traceability system in ducks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2015

This work was conducted to investigate the performance and meat characteristics of commercial Korean native duck (KND). A total of 180 1-d-old ducklings of 2-way crossbreds from A and B lines (from National Institute of Animal Science) were used in this work and divided into 4 groups (3 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate). The four groups were 4 crossbreds as AA (A line [♀]${\times}$A line [♂]), AB (A line [♀]${\times}$B line [♂]), BB (Pure line B strains) and BA (B strains [♀]${\times}$A strain [♂]). Ducks were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal for 0 to 3 wk (22.4% crude protein [CP], 2,945 kcal/kg metabolizable energy [ME]) and 3 to 8 wk (18.4% CP, 3,047 kcal/kg ME). As a result of this study, average body weight of 4 crossbreds were 625, 1,617, 2,466, and 2,836 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively, and significantly increased over the period of time (p<0.05). Body weight of BB group was greater than other crossbreds at the age of 6 weeks (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in weekly body weight gains (p<0.05), which were 573, 991, 850, and 371 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks old, respectively. Uniformity of 4 crossbreds was 84.9%, 80.5%, and 72.5% at 6, 7, and 8 weeks, respectively, and there was no difference among crossbreds. Body weight gain of BB crossbred was highest among crossbreds (p<0.05). Weekly feed intake significantly increased with weeks as 669, 1,839, 2,812, and 3,381 g at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks respectively (p<0.05). Feed intakes of AA and BB crossbreds were higher at 2 to 4 weeks old than others and that of BB crossbred was highest at 4 to 6 weeks old (p<0.05). Weekly feed conversion ratios were 1.17, 1.86, 3.32, and 9.37 at 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 weeks old, respectively, and it increased with age (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio among crossbreds. Carcass yields of 4 crossbreds were 73.6%, 71.6%, 73.5%, and 71.7%, respectively, so there was no significant difference among crossbreds. There was no difference in wing, neck, breast and leg ratios among crossbreds. However, back ratios of 4 crossbreds were 17.6%, 18.0%, 15.8%, and 17.6%, respectively, and back ratio of BB was the highest among crossbreds. Finally, these results may provide the basic data on the production, carcass quality, fatty acid and amino acid composition of commercial KND with 2-way crossbreeding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2009

(Y $\times$ L) $\times$ D-crossbred gilts and barrows weighing $80.2\pm0.2$ kg were fed a "medium-energy" (ME) or "low-energy" (LE) diet (3.2 vs 3.0 M cal DE/kg) and slaughtered at 110, 125, or 138 kg, after which physicochemical and sensory quality traits of major primal cuts of resulting carcasses were analyzed, under a 2 (sex) $\times$ 2 (diet) $\times$ 3 (slaughter weight; SW) factorial arrangement of treatments. The ADG and ADFI were greater (P<0.01) in barrows than in gilts and also in 125- and 138-kg vs 110-kg SW. Moreover, ADG and gain:feed were greater in ME vs LE (P<0.01), whereas ADFI was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01). Backfat thickness, which increased with increasing SW (P<0.01), was not affected by sex or diet. Carcass marbling score was greater (P<0.01) in gilts and LE than in barrows and ME, respectively. Carcass quality grade, which was superior in LE vs ME, was not affected by SW, whereas the yield grade decreased abruptly between 125- and 138-kg SW primarily due to the upper limit of carcass weight imposed on the A and B grades. Physicochemical characteristics including pH, drip loss, and variables pertaining to color of belly, ham, and loin were not affected significantly by any of the treatment factors, albeit statistically significant in some cases, in terms of quality criteria. In sensory evaluation, the acceptability of fresh belly was not influenced by any of the treatment factors. Marbling score of fresh ham was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01) and tended to increase between 110- and 125-kg SW (P=0.10); in loin, the increase of this variable between the two SW was significant (P<0.01). Following cooking, LE was superior to ME in the acceptability in belly and ham, but the effect of SW was insignificant in any of the sensory quality traits evaluated in this study in any of the three major primal cuts. In conclusion, the present results suggest that SW can be increased to up to 138 kg without compromising carcass quality and that LE has some beneficial effects on quality of the whole carcass and the major primal cuts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2009

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of slaughter weight (SW) of finishing pigs fed a low-energy diet on growth efficiency and carcass quality and thereby to assess the optimal SW. (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace) $\times$ Duroc-crossbred gilts and barrows were fed a diet containing 3,060 kcal DE/kg from 80-kg BW and slaughtered at 110, 125, or 135 kg, after which the belly, the most preferred cut in Korea, as well as the least preferred cuts ham and loin were subjected to physicochemical and sensory analyses. Both ADG and ADFI were greater (P<0.05) in the group slaughtered at 125 or 135 kg than in the 110-kg-SW group, whereas the opposite was true for gain:feed (P<0.01). Backfat thickness (BFT), which increased with increasing SW (P<0.01 and P<0.05), was greater in barrows than in gilts (P<0.01); BFT of barrows at 125 kg (24.6 mm) was comparable to that of gilts at 135 kg (24.2 mm). Physicochemical characteristics of the belly, ham and loin were minimally affected, if not affected, by SW; of note, however, the redness of the ham increased between 110- and 125-kg SW (P<0.05). In sensory evaluation of the belly, the fat:lean balance, which is a most important quality trait in this cut, was best (P<0.05) at 125 kg of SW, but the overall acceptability of this cut was not changed by SW. In the ham and loin, the marbling score increased (P<0.01) between 110- and 125-kg SW, whereas color, aroma, off-flavor, and drip were unaffected by SW. In addition, the acceptability of the loin increased (P<0.05) between 110- and 125-kg SW. In cooked meats, none of color, aroma, off-flavor, juiciness, tenderness, taste, and acceptability was changed by SW, except for an increase (P<0.05) in darkness of loin color between 110- and 125-kg SW. In conclusion, the optimal SW for the present subpopulation on the present low-energy diet lie in between 125 and 135 kg for gilts and at 125 kg for barrows.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

This work was carried out to investigate the performance of growing period of large-type Korean native ducks. A total of four hundred twenty female and male duck chicks generated from A and B strains of ducks. Groups were four crossbreds (3 replications/crossbred, 35 birds/replication) as $2{\times}2$ factors (2 strains, A and B; 2 genders, female and male). On the body weight, male of B strains was the highest among 4 treatments after the age of 4 week (P<0.05). Body weight of B strain was higher than that of A strain at all period (P<0.05). Body weight of male was higher compared to that of female after the age of 4 week (P<0.05). On the body weight gain, male of B strain was the highest and female of A strain was the lowest among 4 treatments at 0~8, 0~12, 0~16 and 0~20 weeks (P<0.05). Body weight gain of male was higher than that of female after the age of 4 week (P<0.05). On the feed intake, male of B strain was the highest among 4 treatments from the age of 0 week and to the age of 4, 12, 16 and 20 week (P<0.05). Feed intake of male was higher than that of female at 0~12, 0~16 and 0~20 weeks (P<0.05). On the feed conversion ratio, male of B strain was the highest among other treatments 0~4 weeks and female of A strain was at 0~8 and 0~12 weeks (P<0.05). Feed intake of female was higher compared to that of female at 0~8 weeks and male was high at 0~20 weeks. These results provided the basic data on the record of growing phase of large-type Korean native ducks.