• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 1998

Cross-talk effects in high-density volume holographic interconnections are investigated using perturbative iteration method of the integral form of Maxwell's wave equation. In this method, the paraxial approximation and negligence of backward scattering introduced in conventional coupled mode theory is not assumed. Interaction geometries consisting of non-coplanar light waves and multiple index gratings are studied. Arbitrary light polarization is considered. Systematic analysis of cross-talk effects due to multiple index gratings is performed in increasing level of diffraction orders corresponding to successive iterations. Some numerical examples are given for first and third order diffraction.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-65
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• 2005

In most leading companies, new product development is one of the most important corporate activities which affects the very existence of them. Therefore, CFT(cross-functional team) is frequently used to utilize knowledge and experiences of its members from various teams. To ensure the successful operation of CFT, various structural assistances, such as committee and Task Force Team, are made which will coordinate smooth interactions among members. Many researches show that the increase of interaction among team members affects the performance. This research is exploratory research intend to show the effects of relational characteristics such as group efficacy and participation on the perceived performance of new product development. This research examines the performance mechanism that lies in between CFT and its members by expanding the understandings on the relationship between interaction and performance in new product development CFT. Results show that the level of interaction affect group efficacy. and group efficacy affect participation. Finally, participation affect perceived performance. However. it shows that the level of interaction and group efficacy do not have direct effect on perceived performance.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.125-146
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• 2023

The aims of this study was to investigate the effect of workplace support and access to workplace counseling on the depression level of employees who are workplace bullying victims and then find cross-level interaction effects between individual and group factors. A multi-level analysis was conducted using data from 642 individuals who reported experiencing workplace bullying in the 2017 National Human Rights Commission survey. The findings indicate that a worker's perceived safety of their workplace is negatively associated with depression levels. Additionally, higher perceived workplace support and access to workplace counseling were associated with lower depression levels. Lastly, a positive interaction effect was observed between access to workplace counseling and perceived workplace support in relation to depression levels. That is, higher access to workplace counseling increases the negative effect of workplace support on depression levels of employees. These results highlight the importance of creating protective factors such as a safe and supportive organizational culture to combat workplace bullying of coworkers or supervisors, and implementation of counseling and support services to assist victims in coping with workplace bullying and reducing depression symptoms.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2008

This paper aims to experimentally investigate the in-fire performance of composite beams with respect to the effects of load ratio and shear interaction. Under a Standard ISO834 fire, the development of temperature and deflection of simply supported composite beams were recorded. In particular, the transition of temperature distribution across the cross-section. The fire resistance of composite beam was interpreted regarding the level of shear interaction.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.198-208
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• 2014

Purpose: This research was an empirical study designed to identify precursors and interaction effects related to nurses' patient identification behavior. A multilevel analysis methodology was used. Methods: A self-report survey was administered to registered nurses (RNs) of a university hospital in South Korea. Of the questionnaires, 1114 were analyzed. Results: The individual-level factors that had a significantly positive association with patient identification behavior were person-organization value congruence, organizational commitment, occupational commitment, tenure at the hospital, and tenure at the unit. Significantly negative group-level precursors of patient identification behavior were burnout climate and the number of RNs. Two interaction effects of the person-organization value congruence climate were identified. The first was a group-level moderating effect in which the negative relationship between the number of RNs and patient identification behavior was weaker when the nursing unit's value congruence climate was high. The second was a cross-level moderating effect in which the positive relationship between tenure at the unit and patient identification behavior was weaker when value congruence climate was high. Conclusion: This study simultaneously tested both individual-level and group-level factors that potentially influence patient identification behavior and identified the moderating role of person-organization value congruence climate. Implications of these results are discussed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3B
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• pp.325-335
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to survey the effects of laying drainage layer in sandy beach on beach stabilization. At first, the numerical model developed by Hur and Lee (2007), which is able to consider the flow through a porous medium with inertia, laminar and turbulent resistance terms, i.e. simulate directly WAve Structure Seabed/Sandy beach interaction and can determine the eddy viscosity with LES turbulent model in 3-D wave field (LES-WASS-3D), is validated by comparing with existing experimental data. And then, numerical simulation is carried out to examine the characteristics of wave-sandy beach interaction for a beach with/without drainage layer. From the numerical results, it is shown that mean ground-water level around a foreshore decreases and offshore-ward flow over a seabed reduces in case of a beach with drainage layer. Moreover, the effects of cross profile of drainage layer and incident wave condition on mean ground-water level around a foreshore are also discussed as well the distribution of wave setup around the foreshore.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2017

Most of the studies on the hydraulic characteristics of wave-current interaction have used 2-D hydraulic experiments or 2-D numerical simulations. However, it is difficult to understand the wave-current interaction found in actual estuaries using these. Therefore, a numerical water tank was constructed in this study to perform simulations involving a 3-D river mouth. The result showed a change in the water surface at the river mouth from the wave-current interaction. With an increase in the ratio ($V_c/C_i$) between the river current and wave celerity, the wave height and mean water level of the river increased at the wave and current meeting point. A higher $V_c/C_i$ caused a stronger wave-current interaction and increased the turbulence kinetic energy. Thus, the wave height attenuation became larger by the wave-current interaction with a higher $V_c/C_i$. In addition, it was possible to understand the flow characteristics in the vicinity of the river mouth as a result of the wave-current interaction using the mean flow and mean time-averaged velocity at the mid-cross section of river.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.139-146
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• 1998

The prototype ASME III motor actuated Y-type globe valve has been tested to identify dynamic characteristics. The valve is Seismic Category I equipment and has the function to control water flow in the safety-related system. In this study, two different types of structural identification test i.e. swept sine and broadband random, have been performed at various levels of excitation to verify the effects of test method and excitation level on cross coupling effect as well as natural frequencies and damping values. It was found that swept sine test and broadband random test showed similar natural frequencies, and that the primary interaction was exhibited between horizontal and vertical axes.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.304-312
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to examine bioaerosols in indoor air in public restrooms, as well as to assess the effects of air temperature and relative humidity on bioaerosol levels. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed in ten male and ten female restrooms. An air sampler (Anderson type) was used for sampling total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), opportunistic bacteria (OP), Staphylococcus spp., and total suspended fungi (TSF). Results: The levels of TSB were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$ and TSF $10-10^2CFU/m^3$, respectively. The GNB level was $0-10CFU/m^3$, and GPB and OP levels were $10-10^2CFU/m^3$. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were detected in 90% of the restrooms. The GPB level was higher in the female restrooms than in the male restrooms (p < 0.05). TSB, GNB, and TSF showed higher levels in restrooms in buildings over 30 years old (p < 0.01). The main effect of air temperature or relative humidity and interaction effect of the two factors on the TSB level were significant (p < 0.05), while the effect of relative humidity on the TSF level was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that there is a wide variation in the bioaerosol levels among different restrooms. The observed differences in bioaerosol levels reflect different building histories. The effects of air temperature and/or relative humidity reveal that bioaerosol levels may vary according to season or time of day. Future research is needed to further characterize the relation between the bioaerosol levels and surface contamination in restrooms.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.105-116
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of learning social integration and self-doubt on the suicidal ideation, and to test the mediating effect of self-doubt and the moderating effect of drinking on suicidal ideation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 1,000 freshmen in a university in S city. A total of 803 questionnaires were included in the statistical analysis. To analysed the data, Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were performed. Results: In this study, self-doubt had a mediating effects in the path way from learning social integration to suicidal ideation. Drinking had a moderating effect between self-doubt and suicidal ideation. Conclusions: The results suggest that the low level of learning social integration increases the level of self-doubt and leads to suicidal ideation. Drinking was a significant moderator of suicidal ideation. Therefore, interventions on various strategies to enhance academic performance and social interaction skill, and to help to stop or not to initiate drinking habit are needed in the early part of the freshman year.