• Title/Summary/Keyword: cross sectional method

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The Section Optimization of Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges (프리스트레스트 콘크리트 박스 거더 교량의 단면최적화)

  • 노금래;김만철;박선규;이인원
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 1998.10b
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    • pp.718-723
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    • 1998
  • The program which could determine cross-sectional dimension of the prestressed concrete box girder bridges at the stage of preliminary design was developed using the optimal technique in this study. It could minimize the cost required in the design of box girder bridges and the construction with the full staging method. Objective cost function consisted of six independent variables such as height of cross-section, jacking force and thickness of web and bottom flange. The SUMT(Sequntial Unconstrained minimization Technique) was used to solve the constrained nonlinear minimization optimal problem. Using the program developed in this study, optimum design was performed for existing bridges with one cell cross section of constant depth. The result verify the compatibility of the program.

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Plastic analysis of steel arches and framed structures with various cross sections

  • Silva, Jessica L.;Deus, Lidiane R.R.M.;Lemes, Igor J.M.;Silveira, Ricardo A.M.
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.257-270
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    • 2021
  • This paper presents a displacement-based numerical methodology following the Euler-Bernoulli theory to simulate the 2 nonlinear behavior of steel structures. It is worth emphasizing the adoption of co-rotational finite element formulations considering large displacements and rotations and an inelastic material behavior. The numerical procedures proposed considers plasticity concentrated at the finite elements nodes, and the simulation of the steel nonlinear behavior is approached via the Strain Compatibility Method (SCM), where the material constitutive relation is used explicitly. The SCM is also applied in determining the sections bearing capacity. Moreover, the present numerical approach is not limited to a specific structural member cross-sectional typology, with the residual stress models introduced explicitly in subareas of steel cross-sections generated by a 2D discretization. Finally, results consistent with the literature and with low processing time are presented.

Optimization Design of a Waterproof Seal Cross-Section of Automotive Electrical Connectors (자동차 전장 커넥터 방수시일 단면의 최적설계)

  • Kang, KyuTae;Lee, ChaeEun;Kim, HoKyung
    • Tribology and Lubricants
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.224-231
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    • 2021
  • Recently, the waterproofing performance of high-voltage connectors in automotive vehicles has attracted increased interest. In this study, an optimal cross-sectional shape was derived to obtain uniform contact pressure and strain by considering stress relaxation problems caused by initial tension when mounting a seal. A high strain of 52.1 was distributed in the round region, owing to excessive initial tension. The finite element method (FEM) analysis indicated that the strain corresponding to the optimal initial tensile was 11. We adopted six design factors to optimize the seal cross-section and three factors as the main design factors. An orthogonal arrangement table was prepared using Minitab. FEM analyses of 16 study models were conducted to determine the optimized model. The contact pressure of the optimization model is the most evenly distributed while satisfying the waterproof performance of 0.47 MPa. Compared to the initial model, the difference in strain decreases from 35.5% to 19.6%. Finally, the derived cross-sectional shape can reduce the strain of the round region by 33.8% and the differences in the contact pressure at the upper and lower surfaces by 42% and 76%, respectively.

Studies on the Phrenic Nerve Fibers in the dog II. On the Myelinated Fibers of the Intradiaphragmatic Branches (개의 횡격막신경섬유(橫隔膜神經纖維)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) 제(第)II보(報) 횡격막신경(橫隔膜神經)의 횡격막내분기(橫隔膜內分技)의 유수섬유(有髓纖維)에 관(關)하여)

  • Ko, Kwang Doo;Yoon, Suk Bong;Lee, Joon Sup
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1969
  • The experimental studies were performed to observe the characteristics of the myelinated nerve fibers of the tradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves in dog In the work to be reported five mixed breed Korean dog were used, they were one year old and he body eights were about 12 Kgm. in average with healthy conditions. The specimens (nerve) were taken at the point of 1.5 cm posterior part from the left and right phrenic nerves entrance to the diaphragm, and the dorso-lateral and dorso-medial branches of phrenic nerves vere also, taken at the point of 0.5 cm distal part from their branching portion. The specimens were fixed for 24 hrs. in Flemming's solution, and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin section. were cut at 6 microns and stained with Walter's modification of Weigert-pal method for the myelinated fibers. Microphotographs were taken and enlarged into 750 times of the actual size, and the diameter of the photographic images of the myelinated fibers were measured by the scale on the transparent Percepex Plate. The following conclusions were made: 1. The percentage of distribution of the several intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were as follows. Ventral branches were 34.97%, lateral branches were 37.90%, dorsal branches were 27.13%, and the dorsal branches were branched again into dorso-lateral branches(54.22%) and dorso-medial branches (45. 78%). 2. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left ventral branches were $490.80{\pm}12$, and at the right ventral branches were $486.6{\pm}13$. Total average cross sectional area on the left ventral branches were 38,000. $6{\pm}136{\mu}^2$, and the right ventral branches were $37,150.2{\pm}1.782{\mu}^2$. 3. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left lateral branches were $533.8{\pm}8$, and at the right lateral branches were $525.6{\pm}7$. Total average cross sectional area of the left lateral branches were $41,582{\pm}1,170{\mu}^2$, and the right lateral branches were $40,454.8{\pm}812{\mu}^2$. 4. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left dorsal branches were $378.2{\pm}14$, and at the right dorsal branches were $380.2{\pm}8$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorsal branches were $27,771{\pm}1,256{\mu}^2$, and the right dorsal branches were $27,507.2{\pm}645{\mu}^2$. 5. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated fibers at the left dorso-lateral branches were $205.4{\pm}15$, and at the right dorso-lateral branches were $210.6{\pm}17$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorso lateral branches were $15,354. 8{\pm}1,519{\mu}^2$, and the right dorsal branches were $15,887{\pm}1,297{\mu}^2$. 6. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left dorso-medial branches were $175{\pm}14$, and at the right dorso-medial branches were $176.2{\pm}17$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorso-medial branches were $13,037.4{\pm}944{\mu}^2$, and at the right dorso-medial branches were, $13,103{\pm}1,373{\mu}^2$. 7. The highest frequent distribution of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were found in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups, and they were almost 30% of the total groups. 8. The largest fibers diameter were in the $14-16{\mu}^2$ groups, and these were shown the lowest frequent distribution. 9. The largest cross sectional area of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were found in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups. 10. All of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were unimodal which has a peak in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups.

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Detection of Second-Layer Corrosion in Aging Aircraft Fuselage

  • Kim, Noh-Yu;Achenbach, J.D.
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.417-426
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    • 2006
  • A Digital X-ray imaging system using Compton backscattering has been developed to obtain a cross-sectional profile and mass loss of corroded lap-splices of aging aircraft from density variation. A slit-type camera was designed to focus on a small scattering volume inside the material, from which the backscattered photons are collected by a collimated scintillator detector for interpretation of material characteristics. The cross section of the lap-joint is scanned by moving the scattering volume through the thickness direction of the specimen. The mass loss of each layer has been estimated from a Compton backscatter A-scan to obtain the thickness of each layer including the aluminum sheet, the corrosion layer and the sealant. Quantitative information such as location and width of planar corrosion in the lap splices of fuselages is obtained by deconvolution using a nonlinear least-square error minimization method(BFGS method): A simple reconstruction model is also introduced to overcome distortion of the Compton backscatter data due to attenuation effects attributed to beam hardening and quantum noise.

Calculation of rotational angle of the Linear Hotwire Cutting System for VLM-S (VLM-S용 선형열서절단기의 회전각 계산과 적용예)

  • 이상호;안동규;최홍석;양동열
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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    • 1997.10a
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    • pp.883-886
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    • 1997
  • In all Rapid Prototyping (RP) processes, a CAD solid model is sliced ito thin layers of uniform, but not necessarily constant, thickness in the building direction. Each cross-sectional layer is successively deposited and, at the same tim, bonded onto the previous layer; the stacked layers form a physical part of the model. The objective of this study is to develop a methode for calculating the rotational angle(θ/sub x/, θ/sub y/) of the linear hotwire cutting system in the three-dimensional space for the Variable Lamination Manufacturing process using expandable polystyrene foam sheet (VLM-S). In order to examine the applicability of the developed method to VLM-S, various three-dimensional shapes, such s a screw, an extruded cross, and a figure of Sonokong, were made using the data obtaiend from the method.

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A Study on the energy absorption characteristics of GFRP circular tubes fabricated by the filament winding method (Filament winding 공법 GFRP 원형튜브의 에너지 흡수특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Geo-Young;Koo, Jeong-Seo
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2008.06a
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    • pp.2059-2065
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, quasi-static crushing tests of composite circular tubes under axial compression load are conducted to investigate the energy absorption characteristics. Circular tubes used for this experiment are glass/epoxy (GFRP) composite tubes, which is fabricated by the filament winding method. One edge of the composite tube is chamfered to reduce the initial peak load and to prevent catastrophic failure during crushing process. Two suggested trigger mechanisms for the composite tubes are investigated. Crushing modes are mainly affected by thickness/diameter ratio, and average crushing loads are mainly affected by their cross-sections. Energy absorption characteristics vary significantly as a function of the tube geometry, trigger mechanism, t/D ratio and the cross-sectional shape.

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Critical Loads and Post-Buckling Behaviour of Simply Supported Tapered Columns (단순지지(單純支持) 변단면(變斷面) 기둥의 임계하중(臨界荷重) 및 후좌굴(後挫屈) 거동(擧動))

  • Lee, Byoung Koo;Oh, Sang Jin;Mo, Jeong Man
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.17-26
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    • 1991
  • Numerical methods are developed to obtain the critical loads and to analyze the post-buckling behaviour of the linearly varying tapered columns. The non-dimensional differential equations governing the elastica of post buckled column are derived by third order and solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta method and Regula-Falsi method. Three kinds of cross-sectional shape with simply supported end constraint are applied in unmerical examples. As the numerical results, the equlibrium paths. the typical elastica of post buckled columns and the critical load vs. section ratio curves are presented in figures. Also, the effects of cross-sectional shape factor on critical loads and postbuckling behaviour are presented in tables.

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Free Vibration of Tapered Beams (변단면(變斷面) 보의 자유진동(自由振動) 해석(解析))

  • Lee, Byoung Koo;Oh, Sang Jin;Choi, Gyu Do
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.37-46
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    • 1991
  • A method is developed for solving the natural frequencies and mode shapes of linearly variable tapered beams. The governing differential equation for the tapered beam is derived. Three kinds of cross sectional shape are considered in differential equation. The Runge-Kutta method and the determinant search method are used to perform the integration of the differential equation and to determine the natural frequencies, respectively. The hinged-hinged, hinged-clamped, damped-clamped and free-damped end constraints are investigated in numerical examples. The lowest four nondimensional natural frequencies are obtained as functions of $d_b/d_a$. ratio. The effects of end constraints and cross sectional shapes on frequencies are analyzed and typical mode shapes are also presented.

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A Study on the Geometric Optimization of Truss Structures by Decomposition Method (분할최적화 기법에 의한 트러스 구조물의 형상최적화에 관한 연구)

  • 김성완;이규원
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.73-92
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    • 1987
  • Formulation of the geometric optimization for truss structures based on the elasticity theory turn out to be the nonlinear programming problem which has to deal with the cross-sectional area of the member and the coordinates of its nodes simultaneously. A few techniques have been proposed and adopted for the analysis of this nonlinear programming problem for the time being. These techniques, however, bear some limitations on truss shapes, loading conditions and design criteria for the practical application to real structures. A generalized algorithm for the geometric optimization of the truss structures, which can eliminate the above mentioned limitations, is developed in this study. The algorithm proposed utilizes the two-levels technique. In the first level which consists of two phases, the cross-sectional area of the truss member is optimized by transforming the nonlinear problem into SUMT, and solving SUMT utilizing the modified Newton Raphson method. In the second level, which also consists of two phases the geometric shape is optimized utillzing the unindirectional search technique of the Powell method which make it possible to minimize only the objective functlon. The algorithm proposed in this study is numerically tested for several truss structures with various shapes, loading conditions and design criteria, and compared with the results of the other algorithms to examine its applicability and stability. The numerical comparisons show that the two- levels algorithm proposed in this study is safely applicable to any design criteria, and the convergency rate is relatively fast and stable compared with other iteration methods for the geometric optimization of truss structures. It was found for the result of the shape optimization in this study to be decreased greatly in the weight of truss structures in comparison with the shape optimization of the truss utilizing the algorithm proposed with the other area optimum method.

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