• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 1985

The ultrastructure on the dorsal vessel of 5-day-old cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was carried out using the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows. 1) The aorta. The aorta is simple tubular type and consists of the inner and outer membrane of the myocardium and thick myocardium is located between them. However the inner membrane with $0.26{\mu}m$ thickness and outer membrane with $0.08{\mu}m$ are composed of fibrous materials, the former is composed of low and high densed fibrous materials and the latter appears homogeneous layer. The myocardium consists of typical striated muscles. The sarcomere with $1.6{\mu}m$ length and in cross section, each thick filaments are surrounded by $7{\sim}8$ thin filaments. The intercalated disc is joining the end of the two muscle cells, desmosomes and septate junctions are appeared between the neighboring muscle cells. 2) The heart. The heart composing of myocardium enclosed by its inner and outer membrane as the aorta has a series of well formed segmental chamber. The arrangement of myofilaments, cell adhensions and membrane elements are observed as same as at the aorta. The inner membrane of the heart is deeply invaginated into the myocardium than the outer membrane and a lot of well developed mitochondria with rod shape are aggregated in the folds. The longitudinally and transversely oriented tubule system formed by invagnation of the sarcolemma into the muscle bundle is built up dyad with the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the aorta. The slit is formed by deeply invagination of the inner membrane of myocadium toward the muscle layer and then the inner and outer membrane of myocardium are fused. Therefore, the ostium is formed between the myocardium and situated at the lateral side of the myocardium.

• 한국금형공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.23-26
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• 2008

In order to examine the deformation characteristics of Al circular pipe underthe biaxial compression, the horizontal biaxial compression die for the experiment was manufactured. From this, in the various compressive strain rate (1 mm/min. ${\sim}$ 400 mm/min.)conditions, the circular pipes, which were made by Al materials, were investigated based on the properties change of cross section area, punch load and deformation behavior. The tensile and compressive strains were evaluated from micro Vickers hardness tester. From these results, the punch load and deformation characteristic of Al circular pipes were highly changed in the compressive strain rate about 200 mm/min. The Al circular pipes had the tendency that the punch load decreased with increasing the compressive strain rate. In addition, following as the change of the shape and position of neutral axis due to the deformation proceeding of the circular pipe, the special point of the internal circular pipe at maximum load showed the maximum deformation strain and the maximum measured hardness value. The CAE (computer aided engineering) simulation using Deform-2D program was performed on the circular pipe in order to know and verify the exact compressive deformation behavior. From these results, the experimentally measured results were reasonably in good agreement with the simulation results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.428-436
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the use of sugar alcohols (sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol) as alternative sweeteners for replacing sucrose in Yukwa (traditional Korean oil-puffed rice snack). The moisture contents of Bandegi (dried Yukwa dough) and Yukwa containing sugar alcohols were higher than that of control (containing only sucrose). The microstructures of control and Bandegi containing sugar alcohols showed uniformly and finely distributed air holes. Expansion ratio and oil absorption of Yukwa containing sorbitol and 30% erythritol were higher than those of control. Appearance and cross section of control and Yukwa containing sorbitol, 30% erythritol, and 30% xylitol showed a good shape. The lightness (L) of control was significantly lower than Yukwa containing sugar alcohols, whereas redness (a) and yellowness (b) were higher than those in Yukwa containing sugar alcohols. Hardness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was significantly lower than that of control, and that of Yukwa containing sorbitol was the lowest. Peak number of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was significantly lower than that of control, and that of Yukwa containing 60% erythritol and 60% xylitol was the lowest among all samples. In the sensory evaluation, color of control was deepest, whereas that of Yukwa containing 60% xylitol was lightest. Volume and air hole uniformity of Yukwa containing 60% erythritol and 60% xylitol were inferior than those of other samples. Sweetness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control, whereas oily flavor was stronger. Hardness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control, and Yukwa containing xylitol showed the lowest hardness among the samples. Crispness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control. There were no significant differences in overall acceptability between control and Yukwa containing 30% sorbitol and 30% erythritol. Overall, sorbitol and erythritol were appropriate as a 30% replacement for sucrose when preparing Yukwa.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.515-528
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• 1998

A quasi-two-dimensional model for simulating the flood plain flow is developed. The model consists, in general, of a multiply-connected network which combines the main channel and two-dimensional flood plain cells. The main channel flow is described by the Saint Venant equations for one-dimensional unsteady flow, and the flood plain flow by the cell continuity and river-or weir-type stage-discharge relations between flood plain cells. The implicit algorithm for unsteady flow in looped channel network is extended to incorporate the flood plain flow. To verify the performance of the model, it is applied to three test problems, and sensitivities to various model parameters are analyzed. It turns out that the present model gives more accurate result than that by Cunge (1975) as the shape of cross section becomes more complex and irregular. Not only the inundation of water from the main channel but the return flow from the flood plain is successfully simulated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2012

A load-following operation in APR+ nuclear plants is necessary to reduce the need to adjust the boric acid concentration and to efficiently control the control rods for flexible operation. In particular, a disproportion in the axial flux distribution, which is normally caused by a load-following operation in a reactor core, causes xenon oscillation because the absorption cross-section of xenon is extremely large and its effects in a reactor are delayed by the iodine precursor. A model predictive control (MPC) method was used to design an automatic load-following controller for the integrated thermal power level and axial shape index (ASI) control for APR+ nuclear plants. Some tracking controllers employ the current tracking command only. On the other hand, the MPC can achieve better tracking performance because it considers future commands in addition to the current tracking command. The basic concept of the MPC is to solve an optimization problem for generating finite future control inputs at the current time and to implement as the current control input only the first control input among the solutions of the finite time steps. At the next time step, the procedure to solve the optimization problem is then repeated. The support vector regression (SVR) model that is used widely for function approximation problems is used to predict the future outputs based on previous inputs and outputs. In addition, a genetic algorithm is employed to minimize the objective function of a MPC control algorithm with multiple constraints. The power level and ASI are controlled by regulating the control banks and part-strength control banks together with an automatic adjustment of the boric acid concentration. The 3-dimensional MASTER code, which models APR+ nuclear plants, is interfaced to the proposed controller to confirm the performance of the controlling reactor power level and ASI. Numerical simulations showed that the proposed controller exhibits very fast tracking responses.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 1990

When a piece of the dorsal skin(cat fish) was observed under a light microscope, melanophores were horizontally expanded and had a few processes filled with melanosomes. They were isolated from one another. Some melanophores looked black, while others were d&k brown. On observation with a transmission electron microscope, the epidermal melanophore of cat fish was highly branched and small segments of processes were found frequendy m the vidnity of the interecellular spaces. The cross section of the processes of melanophore was almost circular, and often invested by a thin layer of epidermal cells. Some processes, however, occurred free m the wide interecellular spaces or at the cytoplasm of the superilcial layers. In the mature melanophore, the cell organelles including melanosomes, mitochondria and free ribosomes were prominent in the perinuclear portions. Many melanosomes were spherical or elipsoidal in shape. Each melanosomes was surrounded by a limiting membrane. The processes of the mature melanophore were well developed, but the processes of the immature melanophores were incompletely developed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.781-790
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• 2015

Germinated brown rice (GBR) flour (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) was added to brown rice (BR) and white rice (WR) flours and the densities of pound cake batters, morphology, color value, textural properties, sensory preference test, and hardness during storage were investigated, in order to develop health functional gluten-free rice pound cakes with high nutritional value. The rice was milled with the newly developed rice milling method. The entire shape and cross section of all cakes were symmetrical and desirable. The density of pound cake batter and weight of cake increased with addition of increasing GBR. Specific volume was not significantly different (2.1-2.4 mL/g). Textural properties of cakes between WR-GBR and BR-GBR showed different trends with adding GBR. On the sensory test, overall quality of rice pound cake did not significantly differ between rice flour types. Hardness of rice pound cakes and brittleness decreased with increasing addition of GBR flour. The hardness and the peak intensity at $2{\theta}=17^{\circ}$ decreased with increasing addition of GBR. The results, that addition of GBR flour improved the nutrition value and functionality of gluten free rice pound cakes and prevented staling of rice pound cakes during storage.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.19-32
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is a study on the dome plan of S. M. del Fiore Church of F. Brunelleschi. The results of study are as follows: 1. The planning of floor, elevation and cross section plan of S. M. del Fiore church is basically planned by each other correlation. In particular, the octangular form of geometrical standard which is formed with altar as the center at the crossing part is important component elements which is decided by not only the dome, but form and size of the drum and floor plan form of the lantern 2. The dome which has been planned by F. Brunelleshi has completed the new dome, preserving gothic thought intended by the church plan after study on architecture of ancient Rome with Pantheon. And the dome which is a main space of church through all aspects of plan, structure, function and construction about the dome is a opportunity in the beginning of Renaissance architecture which is a new epoch and a turning point of architecture on various point of view. 3. The dome which is constructed by F. Brunelleshi has been planned through the innovative solution by the refusal of traditional semicircle form dome, centering use and creation double-shell structure form for the first time in history. And the construction of dome has been solved with the invention of various construction equipments and machineries, the stone rib planned for connection and reinforcement about shells of the octangular form, the support method for reduction the gravity of bricklayers work and the brick work of nock-patterned shape which is masonry construction method of the architecture of ancient Rome.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1061-1069
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• 2010

In this study, a simplified axisymmetric model is proposed for the problem of compressible internal flow past a microgap. Using numerical and experimental methods, the phenomena of choked flows are observed; these flows are induced by the acceleration of subsonic flows past the narrow cross-section of an annular shape made by a microgap. The relation between mass flow rate and differential pressure is obtained, and by comparing the result with experimental results, the reliability of the numerical results is discussed. The generation of a supersonic jet flow and its diffraction are visualized by performing the numerical analysis of axisymmetric compressible Navier-Stokes equations. This investigation greatly extends the physical understanding of the axisymmetric compressible flow, which has a wide range of engineering applications, e.g., in the case of valves in automotive power systems.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.503-527
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• 2009

This paper presents experimental results on the behaviour and ultimate load of fifteen pipes and six roof panels made of ferrocement. Additional results from three roof panels, carried out by others, are also compared with this research results. OPC cement, natural sand and galvanised iron wire mesh were used for the construction of 20 mm thick specimens. The pipe length was 2 m and roof panel length was 2.1 m. The main variables studied were the number of wire mesh layers which were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 layers, the inner pipe diameter which were 105, 210 and 315 mm, cross sectional shape of the panel which were channel and box sections and the depth of the edge beam which were 95 mm and 50 mm. All specimens were simply supported and tested for pure bending with test span of 600 mm at mid-span. Tests revealed that increasing the number of wire mesh layers increases the flexural strength and stiffness. Increasing the pipe diameter or depth of edge beam of the panel increases the cracking and ultimate moments. The change in the pipe diameter led to larger effect on ultimate moment than the effect of change in the number of wire mesh layers. The box section showed behaviour and strength similar to that of the channel with same depth and number of wire mesh layers.