• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.142-152
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• 2004

Tensile tests of two types of injection-molded polystyrene(PS) samples have been carried out over a wide range of temperature and strain rates in order to characterize their crazing behaviors. Mechanical properties were affected by the formation of crazes as well as test variables. Below the brittle-ductile transition temperature, the tensile stress and the ultimate elongation increased with the molecular weight, strain rate, and with decreasing temperature while the number and average length of crazes also increase. The crazing stress increased with molecular weight, strain rate, and with decreasing temperature. However, the dependence was small compared to the tensile stress. The gap between crazing stress and tensile stress which represents time fur craze formation and growth increased with molecular weight, strain rate, and with decreasing temperature. Crazing was activated near the ${\beta}$-relaxation temperature; crazing stress abruptly decreased at this temperature. During the tensile test, the craze density changed exponentially with the applied stress. At the initial stage, crazes formed slowly. Once a certain number of craze formed, however, the craze density increased rapidly. Craze nucleation and growth occur simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.390-394
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• 1989

The stored elastic strain energy due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the thermally oxidized crystalline layer (cristobalite) and CVD Si3N4($\alpha$-Si3N4) on cooling form high oxidation temperature (1000-140$0^{\circ}C$) to room temperature, releases through the crazing of film and lifting at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface. The ratial equation (1/n) which corresponds to the ratio of the relaxation of the stored elastic stain energy due to crazing of film to the total energy, is derived under the assumption of the square crazed pattern, as follow. 1/n={8${\gamma}$(1-v)2}/(ΔL2dE) The ratial equation suggests the reason for the lifting at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface which was observed in this research.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.385-395
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• 2022

Detecting cracks on a concrete structure is crucial for structural maintenance, a crack being an indicator of possible damage. Conventional crack detection methods which include visual inspection and non-destructive equipment, are typically limited to a small region and require time-consuming processes. Recently, to reduce the human intervention in the inspections, various researchers have sought computer vision-based crack analyses: One class is filter-based methods, which effectively transforms the image to detect crack edges. The other class is using deep-learning algorithms. For example, convolutional neural networks have shown high precision in identifying cracks in an image. However, when the objective is to classify not only the existence of crack but also the types of cracks, only a few studies have been reported, limiting their practical use. Thus, the presented study develops an image processing procedure that detects cracks and classifies crack types; whether the image contains a crazing-type, single crack, or multiple cracks. The properties and steps in the algorithm have been developed using field-obtained images. Subsequently, the algorithm is validated from additional 227 images obtained from an open database. For test datasets, the proposed algorithm showed accuracy of 92.8% in average. In summary, the developed algorithm can precisely classify crazing-type images, while some single crack images may misclassify into multiple cracks, yielding conservative results. As a result, the successful results of the presented study show potentials of using vision-based technologies for providing crack information with reduced human intervention.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

Environmental Stress Cracking(ESC) is one of the most common causes of unexpected brittle failure of thermoplastic polymers. The exposure of polymers to liquid chemicals tends to accelerate the crazing process, initiating crazes at stresses that are much lower than the stress causing crazing in air. In this study, ESC of acrylonitirile butadiene styrene(ABS) was investigated as a function of the molding conditions such as injection velocity, packing pressure, and melt temperature. A constant strain was applied to the injection molded specimens through a 1.26% strain jig and a mixture of toluene and isopropyl alcohol was used as the liquid chemical. In order to examine the effects of the molding conditions on ESC, an experimental design method was adopted and it was found that the injection velocity was the dominant factor. In addition, predictions from numerical analyses were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the residual stress in the injection molded part was associated with the environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.934-938
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• 2015

This technical note provides some considerations for the metallographic observation of intergranular attack (IGA) in Alloy 600 steam generator tubes. The IGA region was crazed along the grain boundaries through a deformation by an applied stress. The direction and extent of the crazing depended on those of the applied stress. It was found that an IGA defect can be misevaluated as a stress corrosion crack. Therefore, special caution should be taken during the destructive examination of the pulled-out tubes from operating steam generators.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2003

The use of a petaloid design for the bottom of carbonated poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) bottles is widely spread. This study investigated the causes of bottom cracks. The tensile yield stress variations of PET according to the crystallinity and stretch ratio were examined, then the stretch ratio and strength in the bottom area of a blown bottle were analyzed. A crack test was also performed to observe the cracking phenomena. The distribution of the effective stress and maximum principal stress were both examined using computer simulation to seek the influence of the bottom design on crack. It was concluded that the bottom cracks occurred because of inadequate material strength due to the insufficient stretching of PET, plus the coarse design of a petaloid bottom. The stretch ratio at the bottom during bottle blowing should be higher than the strain hardening point of PET to produce enhanced mechanical strength. The cracks in the bottom of the PET bottles occurred through crazing below the yield stress. The maximum principal stress was higher in the valleys of the petaloid bottom than in the rest bottom area, and the maximum principal stress had a strong effect on the cracks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.1.1-4
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• 1999

The toughening mechanism and fracture behavior of rubber/polymer composites were investigated with respect to two factors; (1) the composition ratio of polymers(PPO and PS which have a different chain flexibility) and (ii) the rubber particle size in PPO/PS blend system Izod impact test and fractographic observation of the fracture surface using scanning electron microscope were conducted, Finite element analysis were carried out to gain understanding of plastic deformation(shear yielding and crazing) of these materials.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1998

The study on penetrant transport in glassy polymers has been actively pursued for decades because of its growing significance in polymer processing and related applications such as not only membranes, but corrosion protective coatings, microlithography, microelectronic fabrication, etc. In membranes application of polymeric materials, successful utilization requires understanding of how solvents penetrate, swell, and sometimes dissolve polymeric materials under various environmental conditions, as their permselecdve performance is significantly affected by it. The expose of polymer membranes to solvents may result in the structural failure due to mechanical softening, embrittlement or crazing.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.781-785
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• 2015

In this study, a newly developed ultrasonic fatigue test was performed for durability assessment of polyoxymethylene engineering plastic, which has a high crystallization rate and degree of crystallization. Fatigue strength of POM (polyoxymethylene) was performed on a piezoelectric UFT developed by Mbrosia Co., Ltd(1), operating at a high frequency of 20 kHz. The test results showed a fatigue limit of 5.0~6.0 MPa under fatigue testing at R = -1, 20kHz; and, electron microscopy revealed the size effect by risk volume and fractured dimple structure after the coalescence of micro-voids through the crazing effect, which occurs during the failure of a polymer.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 1963

A study was made of the effect of composition changes and particle size on appearance of raw bristol glazes fired at cones 5, 8, and 11. Alumina and silica, alkali and lime variations were made to get some of the more promising glazes determining maturing ranges, modulus of rupture, and other factors such as gloss, smoothness, opacity, eggshelling, crazing, pinholing and crawling for each glaze. Modulus of rupture was measured for the glazes fired at only cone 11.