• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 추계 학술발표회 제17권2호
• /
• pp.579-582
• /
• 2005

Tunnel lining is the final support of a tunnel and reflects the results of the interaction between ground and support system. Recently it is very difficult to support and manage the tunnel because the cracks on tunnel lining cause problems in supporting and managing tunnels. Therefore the analysis of the cracks is quite strongly required. The major role played by the steel fiber occurs in the post-cracking zone, in which the fibers bridge across the cracked matrix. Because of its improved ability to bridging cracks, steel fiber reinforcement concrete(SFRC) has better crack properties than that of reinforced concrete. In this study, mechanical behaviour of a tunnel lining was examined by model tests. The model tests were carried out under various conditions taking different loading shapes, thicknesses and leakage of lining, and volume content of steel fiber. From these model test, the cracking load, the failure load, defection and cracking position and type were examined and the characteristics of deformation and failure for tunnel lining were estimated and researched.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 1997

The interest of diagnosis and maintenance of construction is increasing due to the collapse of infastructures. To obtain the complete, reliable and reproducible data ont he state of the entire structure, various non-destructive techniques are available, Especially, specific constructional characteristics of tunnels make the application of non-destructive tests more difficult. Despite of the complications of these conditions, non-destructive techniques should be capable of providing a description of the state of the tunnel lining, without the removal of the tunnel installations. In this paper, the infrared thermography technique using the difference of surface temperature was studied. The optimum equipment was selected and introduced, the principle, testing method and data anlaysis were investigated. Also, through the case study for inspection of concrete tunnel lining, this technique has proven to be a valuable non-destructive test for detecting the defects such as crack, leakage of water and exfoliation of concrete. The applicability and usefulness of this technique for estimation of concrete tunnel lining have been conformed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제65권6호
• /
• pp.741-750
• /
• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical responses of a high-speed railway shield tunnel subjected to impact by a derailed train, with emphasis on the protective effect of the secondary lining. To do so, the extended finite element method was used to develop two numerical models of a shield tunnel including joints and joint bolts, one with a cast-in-situ concrete secondary lining and one without such a lining. The dynamic responses of these models upon impact were analyzed, with particular focus on the distribution and propagation of cracks in the lining structures and the mechanical responses of the joint bolts. The numerical results showed that placing a secondary lining significantly constricted the development of cracking in the segmental lining upon the impact load caused by a derailed train, reduced the internal forces on the joint bolts, and enhanced the safety of the segmental lining structure. The outcomes of this study can provide a numerical reference for optimizing the design of shield tunnels under accidental impact loading conditions.

• 자연, 터널 그리고 지하공간
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.59-71
• /
• 1999

Recently, many deformations in tunnel such as crack and leakage were occulted. Specially, the defects of tunnel lining have been a serious problem in safety and stability many repair works for maintenance in tunnel have been carried out. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the structural cracking for countermeasure in deformed tunnel and to investigate on the characteristics of lining system and the soundness of tunnel. In this study model tests for tunnel lining were carried out using test apparatus and centrifuge, In the direct loading test, the prototype was Kyungbu high-speed railway tunnel and the scale is 1/10, and lining models were made of concrete. Test conditions included load conditions such as direction, shape and type, lining conditions such as single and double lining, thickness, and reinforcement. In centrifuge model test, the prototype was Seoul subway tunnel and the scale is 1/100, and lining models were made of aluminum and hydrostone. Test conditions included tunnel defects such as thickness shortage. behind cavity and longitudinal cracks, reinforcement methods such as epoxy, grouting and carbon sheet. From these model tests , the characteristics of deformation and failure for tunnel lining were estimated, and the structural behaviors of deformed lining and the effects of repair and reinforcement for tunnel lining were researched.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.479-499
• /
• 2019

공용중인 터널의 조사 및 평가는 시설물안전법의 안전점검 및 정밀안전진단 세부지침(터널)편에 따라 외관조사와 내구성조사를 근거하여 상태평가를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 종방향균열의 발생요인 파악을 위해 준공 후 10년이 경과되어 최초 정밀안전진단이 실시된 NATM터널 12개에 대해 균열과 라이닝의 두께를 검토하여, 이를 반영한 상태평가 수정사항을 모색하였다. 종방향균열에 대한 굴착지반의 영향을 검토하기 위해 지보패턴, 이를 구성하는 지보재 시공 조건, 라이닝의 재료적 특성, GPR탐사를 통한 라이닝 두께 등을 터널 형상 및 용도에 따라 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 자료를 분석하였다. 균열발생밀도는 숏크리트, 록볼트, 강지보재의 지보재 지지능력에 따라 변화되나 굴착지보패턴에 따른 균열발생과의 연관성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 라이닝 재료적인 특징인 물-시멘트비, 시멘트함유량, 강도 등이 균열발생에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, GPR탐사의 라이닝 두께를 반영한 상태평가에서는 평균 0.03 정도(분포, 0.001~0.071)의 점수증가를 야기하는 것으로 확인되어 향후 라이닝 두께 부족을 고려하는 현실적인 상태평가 방안에 대한 검토가 필요하다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.1316-1323
• /
• 2005

Most tunnel lining material which has been used in the domestic is a concrete. But many problems as the construction period, the cost, and the crack occurrence for the design, construction, and management were happened in the concrete lining. For this reason, many research institutes like the Korea Highway Corporation recognize the necessity of an alternate material development and grow on the interest for that. So in this study, the behaviour characteristics for the application of the Corrugated Steel Plate Lining in cut-and-cover tunnel are evaluated as several conditions for the backfill height, the cutting slope, and the relative density of backfill soil are changed. In addition, through using that conditions, CHBDC(2000, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) is evaluated if it could be applied to the design by comparing with the numerical analysis results. As the behaviour characteristics of the Corrugated Steel Plate Lining by CHBDC and the static numerical analysis are analyzed, both the methods show the same linear increases of the compressive stress according to the increase of the backfill height. The CHBDC of the dead load condition has very similar tendency by comparing with the result of the static numerical analysis.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국터널공학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.233-247
• /
• 2005

Most tunnel lining material which has been used in the domestic is a concrete. But many problems as the construction period, the cost, and the crack occurrence for the design, construction, and management were happened in the concrete lining. For this reason, many research institutes like the Korea Highway Corporation recognize the necessity of an alternate material development and grow on the interest for that. So in this study, the seismic behaviour characteristics for the application of the Corrugated Steel Plate Lining in cut-and-cover tunnel are evaluated as several conditions for the backfill height, the cutting slope, and the relative density of backfill soil are changed. The compressive stress which is calculated in the Corrugated Steel Plate Lining by the seismic load is decreased as the backfill height increases and the cut slope grows gentle. Also, the moment shows the tendency of decrease according to the increase of the backfill height. But in the case of the relative density of the backfill soil is small, the moment increases according to the increase of the backfill height and affects the dynamic behaviour characteristic. So it is considered that the relative density of the backfill soil is also the important point. As the result in analyzing the seismic response characteristics of the reinforcement spacing of the Corrugated Steel Plate, the variation in the compressive force is hardly happened, but the moment and the shear force increase on the reinforcement spacing being narrow.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.116-127
• /
• 2014

대단면 터널 라이닝 콘크리트를 1일에 1cycle로 진행하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 터널 내부의 기후특성이 변화하고 콘크리트 타설온도가 낮은 경우에는 수화발현 속도도 지연되어 강도발현에 영향을 미치게 되므로 거푸집의 존치시간이 길어지게 된다. 이를 보완하기 위하여 갱문의 설치와 갱폼의 양쪽에 양생막을 설치한 후, 그 내부에 $28{\pm}2^{\circ}C$의 추가적인 열원을 공급하게 되면 균열관리방안으로 제시한 관리 기준 (4.5MPa) 이상의 조기강도발현을 이루어 낼 수 있었으며, 따라서 거푸집을 재령 14hr 후에 제거할 수가 있었다. 한편, 터널내 자연양생온도인 $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 조건에서는 콘크리트 타설 후 36hr 이상의 양생시간을 확보해야 되는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통하여, 초기재령에서의 콘크리트 온도와 강도발현은 양생온도가 크게 작용하고 있음을 재확인 할 수 있었으며, 플라이애쉬가 10% 혼입된 콘크리트라도 일정 시간동안 거푸집의 표면온도를 상승시켜 줄 수 있다면 조기강도발현에는 문제가 되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.212-219
• /
• 2016

뿜칠 방수 멤브레인은 숏크리트 사이에 시공되어 라이닝 크랙을 통한 누수를 방지하는 목적으로 최근 유럽 국가를 중심으로 시공 사례가 늘어가고 있다. 뿜칠 방수 멤브레인은 방수 시트에 비해 복잡한 단면에도 시공이 용이하기 때문에 이용 사례가 늘어갈 것으로 전망된다. 뿜칠 방수 멤브레인은 폴리머로 구성된 재료로서 투수성이 매우 낮지만 수분의 이동에 의해 포화가 되고 이로인해 콘크리트 재료에 간극수압이나 동결 문제를 일으킬 수 있는 우려가 있다. 본 연구에서는 뿜칠 방수 멤브레인의 수분이동과 계절변화를 고려하여 숏크리트 라이닝의 열-습도 전달 장기 해석을 수행하였다. 해석을 통해 뿜칠 방수 멤브레인의 수분 흡수 작용과 수분 이동으로 인한 상대습도 변화를 고찰할 수 있었으며 이로 인한 장기적 변화를 모사할 수 있었다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.591-610
• /
• 2020

활성탄(Activated carbon) 및 이산화티탄(TiO₂)이 혼합된 콘크리트는 질소산화물(NOx) 저감에 있어 우수한 성능을 나타내기 때문에 지하공간 및 터널 내부의 미세먼지 저감 목적으로 활용되고 있다. 환경 및 구조물 노후 영향으로 터널 내부에 설치된 미세먼지 저감 콘크리트 표면에서 손상이 발생된다. 따라서 미세먼지 저감 콘크리트의 성능 유지를 위해 손상(박리) 유무평가가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 전기비저항 특성을 이용하여 콘크리트 박리 유무 평가를 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 활성탄(0~15%) 및 TiO₂ (0~25%) 혼합비(시멘트 중량 기준)가 증가함에 따라 전기비저항 값은 감소하였다. 건조 조건에서 활성탄 및 TiO₂가 혼합된 시멘트 경화시편은 일반 시멘트 경화시편보다 전기비저항 값이 최대 2.3배 감소되었다. 또한, 포화 조건(포화도 = 85~98%)에서 활성탄만 혼합된 경화시편은 일반 시멘트 경화시편보다 전기비저항 값이 최대 3.5배 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 시편 상태(건조 또는 포화)와 관계없이 활성탄(15%) 및 TiO₂ (25%)가 혼합된 미세먼지 저감 시편의 경우, 일반 시멘트 시편과 비교하여 전기비저항 값은 약 2.3~2.8배 차이를 보였다. 본 연구결과는 전기비저항을 이용하여 터널 내 미세먼지 저감 콘크리트의 박리를 평가하기 위한 기초자료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.