• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.493-501
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• 2014

Coverage completeness is an important indicator for quality of service in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Due to limited energy and diverse working conditions, the sensor nodes have different lifetimes which often cause network holes. Most of the existing methods expose large limitation and one-sidedness because they generally consider only one aspect, either coverage rate or energy issue. This paper presents a novel method for coverage hole detection with residual energy in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. By calculating the life expectancy of working nodes through residual energy, we make a trade-off between network repair cost and energy waste. The working nodes with short lifetime are screened out according to a proper ratio. After that, the locations of coverage holes can be determined by calculating the joint coverage probability and the evaluation criteria. Simulation result shows that compared to those traditional algorithms without consideration of energy problem, our method can effectively maintain the coverage quality of repaired WSN while enhancing the life span of WSN at the same time.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2010

We investigated the adsorption and desorption characteristics of benzene molecules on $Si(001)-2{\times}n$ surfaces using a variable-low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. When benzene was adsorbed on a $Si(001)-2{\times}n$ surface at a low coverage, five distinct adsorption configurations were found: tight-binding (TB), standard-butterfly (SB), twisted-bridge, diagonal-bridge, and pedestal. The TB and SB configurations were the most dominant ones and could be reversibly interconverted, diffused, and desorbed by applying an electric field between the tip and the surface. The population ratios of the TB and SB configurations were affected by the benzene coverage: at high coverage, the population ratio of SB increased over that of TB, which was favored at low coverage. The desorption yield decreased with increasing benzene coverage and/or density of vacancy defect. These results suggest that the interaction between the benzene molecules is important at a high coverage, and that the vacancy defects modify the adsorption and desorption energies of the benzene molecules on Si(001) surface.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.427-435
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• 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the spraying performance according to the flight conditions of agricultural drones for the development of a variable control system. The analyzed flight conditions comprised six factors: spraying direction, flight speed, altitude, wind speed, wind direction, and rotor rotational speed. The ratio of the area sprayed on the water-sensitive paper was used as the coverage, and the distribution and amount of the coverage were evaluated. The coverage distribution based on the distance from the drone was used to evaluate a spray pattern, and the distribution was expressed as a Gaussian function approximation. In addition, the probability distribution based on coverage was expressed as the cumulative probability via Gamma function approximation to analyze the spraying efficiency in the target area. The results showed that the averaged coverage decreased significantly as the flight speed and wind speed increased, and the wind direction changed the spray pattern without a coverage decrease. This study contributes to the development of a control technique for the precision control system of agricultural drones.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제35권4A호
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• pp.394-400
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• 2010

Mobile Multi-hop Relay (MMR) 시스템은 커버리지 확장과 Base Station (BS) 내의 전송률 증대에 의해 무선 액세스 네트워크의 처리량을 증가시킬 수 있다. 넌-트랜스패런트 모드 (non-transparent mode) Relay Station (RS) 를 갖는 MMR 시스템의 기존 연구에서는 Mobile Station (MS)의 채널 선택 과정, 동일 채널 간섭, 그리고 Multi-hop Relay Base Station (MR-BS)과 RS의 커버리지 비율은 고려하지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 토폴로지를 갖는 멀티셀 환경에서 MMR 상향링크 시스템의 성능을 분석한다. 성능은 호 발생률에 따른 호 차단 확률, 채널 사용률, outage 확률 그리고 시스템 처리량으로 나타낸다. 결과를 통해 MR-BS와 RS의 커버리지 비율이 7 대 1일 때 시스템 처리량이 가장 높음을 알 수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.710-715
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• 2016

Due to its simplicity and high reliability, the box-counting(BC) method is one of the most frequently used techniques to estimate the fractal dimensions of a binary image with a self-similarity property. The fractal calculation requires data sampling that determines the size of boxes to be sampled from the given image and directly affects the accuracy of the fractal dimension estimation. There are three non-overlapping regular grid methods: geometric-step method, arithmetic-step method and divisor-step method. These methods have some drawbacks when the image size M becomes large. This paper presents a BC algorithm for enhancing the accuracy of the fractal dimension estimation based on a new sampling method. Instead of using the geometric-step method, the new sampling method, called the coverage ratio-step method, selects the number of steps according to the coverage ratio. A set of experiments using well-known fractal images showed that the proposed method outperforms the existing BC method and the triangular BC method.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

This study aims at examining the correlation between air temperature and urban structure such as land cover. For this, it measured summer air temperature by using data log type thermometer installed the inside of instrument screen, in the 9 points of elementary school in Haeundae, Busan. The accomplished results of this study are followings. 1) As altitude goes up 100m, air temperature drops to $0.6{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$. 2) As building coverage ratio increases 10%, air temperature increases $0.3{\sim}0.4^{\circ}C$. 3) As floor space index increases 100%, air temperature increases $0.4{\sim}0.5^{\circ}C$. 4) As artificial coverage ratio increases 10%, air temperature increases $0.1{\sim}0.2^{\circ}C$. 5) As natural coverage ratio increases 10%, air temperature decreases $0.1{\sim}0.2^{\circ}C$.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997

In order to analyze the shifts in the volume and profits of Computed Tomography(CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) utilization for a year before and after the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, this study has been undertaken examining CT and MRI cost data from 'Y' University Hospital situated in Seoul, Korea. Following are the results of this study: 1. The medical insurance payment for CT, implemented on January 1, 1996, increased CT utilization from January 1996 to April 1996 due to low insurance premiums: however, from May 1996 the number of CT cases significantly decreased as a result of strengthened medical cost reviews and the new 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' announced near the end of April 1996 by the insurer. 2. Since the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT fee reduction rates for reimbursements by the insurer to the hospital were 50% and 40% for January and February, respectively, and 31% and 15% for March and April. A significant point in the lowering of the reduction rate was reached in May at 11%; furthermore, since June the reduction rate fell below the average reduction rate for reimbursements for all procedures. If the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' had been announced before the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT utilization would not have been so high due to the need to meet those 'standards'. In addition, loss of hospital profits resulting from the reduction for reimbursements would not have occurred. 3. The shifts in MRI utilization showed that there was no particular change with the beginning of insurance coverage for CT, and the introduction of the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' made MRI utilization increase because MRI is free of restrictions imposed by the insurer. 4. The relationship between CT utilization and MRI utilization showed that they were supplementary to each other before insurance coverage for CT, but that CT was substituted for MRI because of strengthened medical cost reviews after t~e beginning of insurance coverage for CT. 5. The shifts in volume by patient characteristics showed that the number of inappropriate case patients, according to the insurer's "Standards for approval", decreased more than the number of appropriate case patients after the introduction of insurance coverage for CT. Therefore, the health insurance fee schemes for CT have influenced patient care. 6. The shifts in profits from CT utilization showed a net profit decrease of 31.6%. In order to match the pre-coverage profit level, 5,471 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 32.7%. This profit decrease resulted from a decrease of CT utilization and low reimbursements. With insurance coverage, net profits from CT were 24.4%, and a margin of safety ratio was 39.6%. Because of the net profits and margin of safety ratio, CT utilization fees for insured appropriate cases could not be considered inappropriate. 7. The shifts in profits from MRI utilization before and after the introduction of CT coverage showed that in order to match pre-CT coverage profit levels, 2,011 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 9.2%. The reasons for needing to increase the number of cases and productivity result from cost burdens created by adding new MRI units. But with CT coverage already begun, MRI utilization increased. Combined with a minor increase in the MRI fee schedule, MRI utilization showed a net profit increase of 18.5%. Net profits of 62.8% and a 'margin of safety ratio' of 43.1% for MRI utilization showed that the hospital relied on this non-covered procedure for profits. 8. The shifts in profits from CT and MRI utilization showed the net profits from CT decreased by 2.33billion Won while the net profits from MRI increased by 815.7million Won. Overall, these two together showed a net profit decrease of 1.51billion Won. The shifts in utilization showed a functional substitutionary relationship, but the shifts in profits did not show a substitutionary relationship. From these results, We can conclude that if insurance is to be expanded to include previously uncovered procedures using expensive medical equipment, detailed standards should be prepared in advance. The decrease in profits from the shifts in coverage and changes in fees is a difficult burden that should be shared, not carried by the hospital alone. Also, a new or improved fee schedule system should include revised standards between items listed and the appropriateness of the fee schedule should constantly be ensured. This study focused on one university hospital in Seoul and is therefore limited in general applicability. But it is valuable for considering current issues and problems, such as the influence of CT coverage on hospital management. Future studies will hopefully expand the scope of the issues considered here.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권9B호
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• pp.876-882
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 relay 기반 OFDMA 시스템에서 cell throughput 향상을 위한 Base Station (BS)과 Relay Station (RS)의 sub-cell 커버리지 조절 기법을 제안하였다. Relay 시스템에서는 BS-RS 링크에서 무선 자원을 추가로 소비하기 때문에, 이를 고려하지 않고 sub-cell 커버리지를 설정하면, 자원 사용량이 증가하여 throughput이 저하될 수 있기 때문에 자원 소모를 고려한 sub-cell 커버리지 설정이 필요하다. 이 때, 설정된 sub-cell 커버리지를 고정하여 운용할 수도 있지만, 트래픽 상황의 변화에 따라서 커버리지를 효과적으로 조절해주면, throughput 성능을 더욱 향상시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 MS가 이동할 때에, 멀티홉 전송에 따른 relay link에서의 자원의 소모와 자원 재사용 정도를 함께 고려하여 sub-cell 커버리지를 조절하는 기법을 제안하고 분석하였다. 제안하는 커버리지 조절 기법에서는 BS와 RS로부터의 수신 SINR 값 비율로 threshold 값을 정하고 이를 이용하여 sub-cell 경계를 설정하였다. 그리고 트래픽의 변화에 따라 멀티홉에서의 자원의 소모와 자원 재사용을 고려한 effective transmitted bits per subchannel을 이용하여 sub-cell 경계를 적응적으로 조절하였다. 성능 분석을 위해 이 경우 cell throughput을 도출하였다. 제안하는 커버리지 조절 기법을 적용할 때, 고정하여 운용하는 경우에 비해, cell throughput이 향상되는 것을 확인하고, 정량적으로 분석하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.801-811
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• 2012

본 연구는 도시공원의 토지피복 및 식재구조에 따른 온도 영향요인을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 성남시 분당구 중앙공원을 대상으로 전 지역에 대한 토지피복 및 식재현황을 파악하였으며 30개의 조사구를 설정하여 정밀 토지피복 및 식재구조를 파악하고 온도는 10회 반복 측정하였다. 온도 영향요인은 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조, 녹지량(녹피율, 녹지용적계수)을 선정하여 실측 온도와의 통계분석을 실시하였다. 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조와 실측 온도와의 분산분석 결과, 토지피복유형에서 목본 식재지는 저온역으로 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 식재유형은 침엽수 및 활엽수 식재지는 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 층위구조는 교목층과 교목층+하부식재 유형은 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 상관관계 분석 결과 녹피율과 녹지용적계수는 모두 실측 온도값과 고도의 음(-)의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 회귀모형에 의하면 녹피율은 1% 증가할 때마다 $-0.002^{\circ}C$, 녹지용적계수는 $1m^3/m^2$ 증가할 때마다 $-0.122^{\circ}C$의 온도저감 효과가 있을 것으로 예측되었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.5400-5418
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• 2016

Femtocells are envisioned as a key solution to embrace the ever-increasing high data rate and thus are extensively deployed. However, the dense and random deployments of femtocell access points (FAPs) induce severe intercell inference that in turn may degrade the performance of spectral efficiency. Hence, unrestrained proliferation of FAPs may not acquire a net throughput gain. Besides, given that numerous FAPs deployed in ultra-dense networks (UDNs) lead to significant energy consumption, the amount of FAPs deployed is worthy of more considerations. Nevertheless, little existing works present an analytical result regarding the optimal FAP density for a given User Equipment (UE) density. This paper explores the realistic scenario of randomly distributed FAPs in UDN and derives the coverage probability via Stochastic Geometry. From the analytical results, coverage probability is strictly increasing as the FAP-to-UE ratio increases, yet the growing rate of coverage probability decreases as the ratio grows. Therefore, we can consider a specific FAP-to-UE ratio as the point where further increasing the ratio is not cost-effective with regards to the requirements of communication systems. To reach the optimal FAP density, we can deploy FAPs in line with peak traffic and randomly switch off FAPs to keep the optimal ratio during off-peak hours. Furthermore, considering the unbalanced nature of traffic demands in the temporal and spatial domain, dynamically and carefully choosing the locations of active FAPs would provide advantages over randomization. Besides, with a huge FAP density in UDN, we have more potential choices for the locations of active FAPs and this adds to the demand for a strategic sleeping policy.