• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.337-341
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• 1990

An investigation was conducted to determine whether the rumen modifiers lasalocid and avoparcin, when included in molasses/urea based supplements, enhanced liveweight performance, in early weaned calves. As part of the study the broad-spectrum parasiticle Avermectin B1 was given to the calves to assess any undesirable side effects on animals of less than four months of age. There were no significant (p>0.05) liveweight responses to supplementation when the rumen modifiers lasalocid and avoparcin were included in supplement rations. Lasalocid reduced supplement intake, however, it had no adverse effect on liveweight gain. Avoparcin substantially improved growth when cottonseed meal was included in the ration. Weaners treated with Avermectin B1 tended to show a greater liveweight gain than untreated weaners during the experiment (p<0.10) and no adverse side effects were noted.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.29-29
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• 2005

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.712-719
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion level on the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) of cottonseed oil when fed to growing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows (initial body weight = $35.51{\pm}2.01kg$) were randomly allotted to a completely randomized design with a corn-soybean meal basal diet, five levels of cottonseed oil (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) and a 10% soybean oil diet. Each diet was replicated six times with one pig per replicate. The experiment lasted 19 days, 7 d for cage adaptation, 7 d for diets adaptation and last 5 d for feces and urine collection. The energy values and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cottonseed oil and soybean oil were calculated by the difference method, and regression equations were established to predict the energy values of cottonseed oil. The apparent digested fat of the entire intestinal tract was also regressed against dietary fat intake to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and endogenous loss of fat for cottonseed oil. Results: The results showed that the DE and ME contents of cottonseed oil were not different as the inclusion level increased. The DE and ME values determined by the regression equation were 36.28 MJ/kg and 34.96 MJ/kg, respectively, and the values were similar to the mean DE and ME values calculated by the difference method (36.18 and 35.56 MJ/kg, respectively). The ATTD of cottonseed oil was also not affected by the inclusion level of cottonseed oil, and the TTTD and EFL determined by the regression method were 92.40% and 13.83 g/kg of dry matter intake for corn-soybean basal diet. The DE, ME, and ATTD of AEE in soybean oil determined by the difference method were 35.70 MJ/kg, 35.20 MJ/kg and 92.31%, respectively. There were no differences in the DE, ME, and ATTD between cottonseed oil and soybean oil, although the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids for soybean oil was higher than for cottonseed oil. Conclusion: The DE, ME, and ATTD values of cottonseed oil were not affected by its dietary inclusion level. The energy values of cottonseed oil determined by the difference and regression methods were similar. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid for oils was not the decisive factor to influence the energy values and ATTD of oils.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1314-1321
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• 2006

The objective of this work was to study the effect of mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8 on detoxification of cottonseed meal (CSM), and to investigate the effect of fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment on the reduction of free gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM. Experiment 1: Three groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. tropicalis ZD-3, A. niger ZD-8 or mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8). One non-inoculated group was used as the control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol (FG), CP and in vitro CP digestibility were assayed. The results indicated that mixed culture fermentation was far more effective than single strain fermentation, which not only had higher detoxification rate, but also had higher CP content and in vitro digestibility. Experiment 2: CSM substrates were treated according to experimental variables including fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment, Then, the treated CSM substrates were inoculated with mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8) and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 36 h in a 95% relative humidity chamber. After fermentation ended, FG and CP content of fermented CSM substrate was assayed. The results showed that the appropriate fermentation period was 36 h, and the optimal proportion of CSM in substrate was 70%. Addition of sodium carbonate to CSM substrate was beneficial for fermentative detoxification. Heat treatment could facilitate fermentative detoxification, and supplementation with minerals was instrumental in reducing gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1430-1438
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• 2012

The present experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content, and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in growing pigs fed diets containing one of ten cottonseed meals (CSM) collected from different provinces of China and to develop in vitro prediction equations for DE and ME content from chemical composition of the CSM samples. Twelve growing barrows with an initial body weight of $35.2{\pm}1.7$ kg were allotted to two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs, with six barrows and six periods and six diets for each. A corn-dehulled soybean meal diet was used as the basal diet, and the other ten diets were formulated with corn, dehulled soybean meal and 19.20% CSM. The DE, ME and ATTD of gross energy among different CSM sources varied largely and ranged from 1,856 to 2,730 kcal/kg dry matter (DM), 1,778 to 2,534 kcal/kg DM, and 42.08 to 60.47%, respectively. Several chemical parameters were identified to predict the DE and ME values of CSM, and the accuracy of prediction models were also tested. The best fit equations were: DE, kcal/kg DM = 670.14+31.12 CP+659.15 EE with $R^2$ = 0.82, RSD = 172.02, p<0.05; and ME, kcal/kg DM = 843.98+25.03 CP+673.97 EE with $R^2$ = 0.84, RSD = 144.79, p<0.05. These results indicate that DE, ME values and ATTD of gross energy varied substantially among different CSM sources, and that some prediction equations can be applied to predict DE and ME in CSM with an acceptable accuracy.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.263-266
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• 2012

면실박으로부터 단백질을 추출한 후 단백질 가수분해효소인 Flavourzyme으로 가수분해를 실시하여 면실박 단백질 가수분해물을 얻었고, 가수분해 정도는 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 방법과 Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis를 통해 측정하였다. 면실박 단백질 가수분해물은 한외여과에 의하여 3 kDa 이하로 cut-off하였고, Q-Sepharos fast flow, Sephadex G-15, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography를 이용하여 Fe, Ca-binding 펩타이드를 분리하였다. 그 결과 철분과 칼슘 결합력이 가장 높은 분획 51을 얻을 수 있었고, 이렇게 얻어진 Fe, Ca-binding 펩타이드는 향후 기능성 식품 소재로써 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1988

Six steers of each breed type, Hereford ($H{\times}H$), Brahman ($B{\times}B$) and Brahman $\times$ Hereford ($B{\times}H$) were ranked on liveweight and allocated to three treatments, basal hay diet (Basal), Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of cottonseed meal (Basal + CSM) and Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of formaldehyde-treated sunflower meal, $Norpro^{(R)}$ (Basal + NPO). The hay was made from a pasture based predominantly on carpet grass (Axonopus affinus) growing in subtropical New South Wales, and had an estimated organic matter digestibility of 52% and a nitrogen (N) content of 7.8 g/kg dry matter (DM). The steers were accustomed to the Basal diet over 15 days and supplements offered over 42 days. Intake of the basal hay diet by steers was not increased by supplementation. When intakes were adjusted for differences between breed types in liveweight the $B{\times}H$ steers ate 25% (P<0.01) more hay than $H{\times}H$ steers (6.3 V 5.0 kg/head/d) and $B{\times}B$ steers ate 8% less hay than $H{\times}H$ steers. Supplementation significantly (P<0.01) increased liveweight gain during the experiment, being ($g/head/d\;{\pm}\;s.e.d.$) 290, 770 and $795{\pm}118$ respectively for Basal, Basal + NPO and Basal + CSM. There was no difference between supplements in the liveweight gain of steers nor between steers of different genotypes. However, there was a significant interaction (P<0.01) between breeds and treatments such that $B{\times}B$ steers gained most on the basal diet but least of the breed types when supplemented. The estimated non-degradeable fraction of N in the protein meals was 58.5 and 44.5%, respectively for NPO and CSM. Both meals increased (P<0.01) plasma urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.433-441
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• 1995

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the influence of various pepsin-HCL pretreatment factor, hereby the factors of duration of washing for the retrieved bags, inherent to the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT), on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (AIDCP) and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (AIDDM). At last, the AIDCP and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (AIDAA) in maize, barley, wheat, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and three mixed diets were determined with the MNBT and ileo-rectal anastomis pigs (IRAT). For the MNBT techniques, bag measuring $25{\times}40$ MM and containing 0.75 g feedstuff samples, after pre-digestion in vitro, were introduced into the ileo-rectal anastomis pigs (IRAT) gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula and recovered in the ileal digesta between 6 and 12 h. later. 1. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (AIDDM) and crude protein (AIDCP) of the tested samples, with the exception of fish meal, determined by MNBT were not affected by the different pepsin-HCL pretreatment times in vitro between 2.5 h. and 4 h. 2. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference of the AIDCP and AIDDM of maize determined by the MNBT among different pepsin concentration (0.03%, 0.07% and 0.1 %) treatment in vitro. 3. The AIDCP determined with the MNBT was affected by the washed and unwashed recovered bags from the ileal digesta. 4. The AIDCP and AID amino acids (AIDAA) of maize, barley, wheat, rapeseed meal, soya-bean meal, cottonseed meal and three mixed diets from the MNBT, with a solution of 0.01N HCL (PH 2) and 0.1% of pepsin concentration, a pepsin-HCL pretreatment time in vitro or 4h. and a washing time of the recovered bag from the ileal digesta compared well with those from the IRAT. The linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01) of AIDCP and AIDDA between the IRAT and MNBT.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2011

면실박을 대체하기 위하여 국내에서 유기성 폐자원으로 생산되는 홍삼박의 첨가량을 구명하기위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 홍삼박의 총 탄소함량은 45%, 총 질소함량은 2.7%이었으며, C/N율은 16.7이었다. 혼합배지의 이화학성 중 pH는 4.6~4.9이였으며, 총 질소함량은 2.5~2.8로 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 홍삼박 첨가량에 따라 인산($P_2O_5$), 칼륨($K_2O$), 마그네슘(MgO)함량은 감소하였으나, 홍삼박만 20% 첨가시에는 오히려 증가하였다. 그러나 칼슘(CaO)함량은 홍삼박 첨가량에 따라 증가하였으나. 나트륨($Na_2O$)의 함량은 거의 변화가 없었다. 느타리버섯 균사 생육은 홍삼박의 첨가량이 증가할수록 균사생장 속도는 늦었으며, 자실체 수량은 면실박의 50%까지 첨가하여도 대조구와 뚜렷한 차이가 없었지만, 면실박 대신 홍삼박만 20%첨가시에는 수량이 급격하게 줄어들었다. 자실체 갓직경은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었고, 대의 굵기는 홍삼박처리에서 조금 높았으나 길이에는 차이가 없었다. 수확기 갓의 색도를 측정한 결과 L값은 홍삼박첨가량에 따라 감소하였지만 a, b값은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2010

본 시험은 충남농업기술원에서 개발한 신품종 '미소' 느타리버섯의 안정적인 생산을 도모하기 위하여 병재배에 적합한 최적배지를 개발할 목적으로 수행되었다. 여기에서 사용된 배지로는 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(5:3:2), 포플러 톱밥+밀기울(8:2), 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(6:2:2), 포플러톱밥+비트펄프+면실박(4:4:2), 그리고 포플러톱밥+비트펄트+밀기울(7:1:2)을 사용하였다. 배지별 pH는 5~6이었고, C/N율은 19.7~28.3의 범위에 있었다. 초발이 소요일수는 5~6일 이었으며 접종 후부터 자실체 형성까지의 전체생육일수는 29~31일이 소요되었다. 버섯 자실체의 수확량은 '포플러톱밥+비트+밀기울(7:1:2)' 배지에서 110.4g/병으로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 그러므로 '포플러톱밥+비트+밀기울(7:1:2)' 배지를 이용하면 신품종 미소버섯의 병재배 배지에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.