• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2023년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.347-348
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• 2023

In construction sites, small-scale construction quantities or limited work hours below the daily work volume may occur due to on-site conditions. For small-scale quantities, the input of equipment and labor is designed based on an hourly basis in the invoice, resulting in a difference from the actual cost. In this study, we aim to explore solutions from the perspective of construction cost standards to secure appropriate construction costs for small-scale and time-limited construction sites. Firstly, to preserve the basic construction costs on-site, we established standards where half the cost would be charged for construction quantities below four hours and a full day's cost would be designed for construction quantities between four to eight hours. Additionally, realistic construction cost calculation standards are expected to be provided by realizing a surcharge rate for work hour limitations to secure appropriate construction costs.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

위치기반 서비스(LBS, Location Based Services)에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라 사용자가 이동 중에도 질의를 통한 최근접 이웃(NN, Nearest Neighbor) 탐색에 대한 필요성이 증가하였다. 이와 같은 동적환경에서의 최근접 이웃 탐색은 탐색 구간에 대해 NN탐색기법을 반복 적용하여 수행해 왔으나 이는 불필요한 중복연산이 발생하여 탐색 비용이 증가하는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이동 중에도 탐색 구간에 대해 연속적인 최근접 이웃(CNN, Continuous Nearest Neighbor)을 탐색하는 새로운 기법인 Slabbed_CNN을 제안한다. Slabbed_CNN은 슬랩을 이용하여 탐색 구간을 줄임으로써 기존 CNN기법의 탐색영역과 계산비용을 감소시킴으로써 기존 CNN보다 연산비용을 감소시키고 빠른 서비스를 제공한다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.201-203
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• 2006

This paper presents a graphical windows-based software for the education and training of the transmission network use of system charge. The developed simulator consist of the main module(MMI,GUI), the power flow module(PF), the power flow tracing module(PFT) and management of usage cost DB module(UCD). Each module has a separate graphical and interactive interfacing window. To have effective education for transmission network use of system charge, the developed simulator are provided with two power system analysis methods. Input data of power system can use the format of PSS/E input data. Also calculation of power flow tracing are provided with four methods such as "Felix Wu","Modified Felix Wu", "DCLF ICRP" and "Reverse MW mile". Results of calculation for usage cost are shown on the window through the table or chart. Therefore user can confirm the detailed differences of results from each calculation method.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.5-46
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• 1989

The current medical payment Insurance Rates in Korea stipulate charges for medical treatment by the doctor, pharmaceutist, medical technician and maternity nurse. But unfortunately didn't specify those charges for nursing done by the professional nurse. Only basic nursing fee is accounted insufficiently in current medical insurance fee schedule. therefore, Being face with covering entire people by medical insurance by 1991, It seems that the problems pertaining to operating the hospital and medical insurance system would be incessantly expanded in that no mention is made of medical charges rendered by major medical producer service in the current system, For that reason, this study made an attempt to clarify the importance the professional nursing puts of the current medical payment. The purpose of this study was to accounting nursing fee which diveded into the current medical fee schedule. (Method) 1. Data collection; Importance and difficulties in nursing activities was conducted in 'S' National University Hospital. Total nursing activities were selected 72 items which included direct care and indirect care. This study was conducted to evaluating the degree of importance and difficulties according to nursing activities through questionnaire to 204 RN. and so relative difficulties (acuity) were computered because the nursing cost level of each nursing service was differently established by the equivalent coefficient according to degree of relative difficulty and time required. 2. Calculation of cost according to nursing activities; After 47 nursing activities were selected in General surgery nursing units, calculation of nursing cost was as follows Cost of Nursing activity = (relative difficulty X Average hourly wage and benefits of nurse) + material cost of nursing -t- Average nursing administration cost So, Calculated cost by nursing activities was compared to current non-insured and insurance rate. 3. Calculation of nursing cost by K - DRG ; Total of 578 patients who were hospitalized in General Surgery units from January to March 1988 ware classified by K - DRG After estimation of total nursing cost based on the K-DRG, verified the appropriateness of basic nursing fee in medical insurance rate (Results) 1. Analysis of degree of importance and difficulties were 4.16 and 3.67 based on 5 point scale. This score were judged that it is worthy specifying the nursing fee 2. The nursing cost of 47 nursing service items in general surgery patients showed that the average cost of nursing activity was \1374.5 and The lowest cost was \217 of 'oral administration nursing' item, The highest cost was \11,025 of 'saline enematill clear' item 3. The result of comparison between the calculated cost by nursing activities against the current non-insured and insurance rate showed that 13 items(27.7%) involved to payment of insurance rate, 9 items(19.1%) involved to non-insured rate, remainder 25 items (53.2%) were not charged anywhere of total 47 nursing activities 4. When calculated cost by nursing activities was 100. current insurance rate was 62.3, non-insured rate was 176.6. Therefore this showed that most of non-insured rate were higher than calculated nursing cost. The insurance rate, however, were lower than it. Reim-bursement was imputed to non-insured patients. So the current rate system became estrainged from cost system. When Remainder 25 items of nursing activities compared' to \1390 of daily basic nursing fee per patient belonged to payment as a insurance fee schedule, basic nursing fee schedule was 1-2% of calculated cost of nursing activities. Therefore it showed that nursing fee was not counted adequately in it. 5. Nursing cost by K-DRG estimated in chart review based on counting number of nursing activities and length of stay The result showed that average amount of total nursing cost was \183828.1 Comparison of nursing cost calculated by K- DRG and basic nursing fee schedule showed that only 12.3% of nursing cost was charged (Conclusion) From the above research result, It is fact that nursing prime cost should be estimated more accurately and included adequately in current medical payment system. The payment system of nursing activities should be introduced not only nursing activities of drug administration and injection fee belonged to insurance fee schedule but also most nursing activities belonged not to mekical fee schedule. Even if introducing payment system of nursing activities, It should be estimated scientific method of Accounting nursing cost So nurses could offer nursing care of good quality, thereby they could make a great contribution not merely to the convalescence of the patient but to the promotion of the people's health.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2009

In this study firstly we survey the calculation method and the characteristics of the way of estimating CBL(Customer BaseLine Load) that is important calculation tool for DRP internationally. Also we analyze the power consumption pattern using the 15 minutes load profiles of about 120,000 customers in domestic. Based on this pattern, we provide the CBL calculation method that can be utilized in DRP to save the cost, and analyze the accuracy of the CBL calculation proposed in this paper through the simulation.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2012

This paper presents the analytical calculation of winding inductance for a single-phase brushless DC machine based on the magnetic circuit concept. The machine is used in the low power range of applications, such as ventilation fans, due to its simplicity and low cost. Since flux linkage is proportional to inductance, the calculation of winding inductance is of central importance. By comparison with experimental and analytical values, it is shown that proposed analytical expression is able to effectively predict the winding inductance of single-phase brushless DC machines at the design stage.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 1983

In this paper, the cupola heat balance has been carried out by using programmable calculator with BASIC language. Computers tend to be used in almost every fields but for many people, computers are not handy yet because of its high equipment cost and its difficult language system. In view of this fact, a desk-top or a hand-held programmable calculator is the pertinent device in its calculation speed, accuracy, and easy programming language (BASIC), let alone its low cost. There have been some attempts to apply them to the foundry,${^{1),2)}}$ but they are little in number. This paper is the first attempt to apply the programmable calculator to the calculation of the cupola heat balance. After several applications in some practicalcases, the program has resulted in very satisfactory results such as saving of time and accuracy.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

The electric utility industry around the world is undergoing a revolutionary transition from vertically integrated monopoly structure to a competitive industry. Electric market price changes hourly because suppliers and customers participate in a open market competitively. In this paper a web program developed wi function of OPF calculation. This program is re by a perl language. Also We calculated the marginal cost and the congestion charge shadow price resulted from the OPF.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2006

연구용원자로 해체비용은 해체대상물에 대한 특성 및 제원에 맞게 해체작업을 분류하고 구성요소를 설정하여 단위비용인자를 바탕으로 한 공학적 비용 산정 방법으로 해체비용을 산정한다. 연구용원자로에 대한 해체비용은 크게 인건비, 장비 및 재료비로 구성이 되는데 해체작업에 소요되는 인건비는 해체대상물에 소요되는 작업시간을 바탕으로 계산을 한다. 본 논문에서는 연구용원자로 해체비용 산정 시 인건비 계산에 필요한 단위비용인자 및 작업 난이도 인자를 산출하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2017년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.27-29
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• 2017

Container terminals in Northern Vietnam have recorded an impressive development in recent years. This development, however, also raises a fierce competition among local container terminals to attract customers. Beside the handling charges, the vessels' waiting cost is also an important factor that drive the opinion of users in choosing appropriate terminal. This research plans to estimate the waiting cost in different container terminals in Northern Vietnam by building regression equation that describe the relationship between the rate of throughput/capacity and waiting cost/TEU. Queuing theory with the application of Poisson distibution is used to estimate the waiting time of arrival vessels and uncertainty theory is applied to estimate the vessel's daily expenses. Previous studies suggested two different formation of the equation and according to the research results, cubic equation is more suitable in the given case. The research results are also useful for further research which require calculation of waiting cost per TEU in each container terminal in Northern Vietnam.