• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2022

This study applied the method of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012, 2014, 2016) to analyze the connectedness between the Freight Index (BDI, BDTI, BCTI), energy price(oil, natural gas, coal), and grain price(soybean, corn, wheat) from July 19, 2007 to March 31, 2022. The main analysis results of this paper are as follows. First, according to the network analysis results, the total connectedness was measured to be 20.43% for the entire analysis period, indicating that there was a low correlation between the freight index and the commodity price. In addition, looking at the directional results, the variable with the greatest effects was corn, and conversely, the variable with the lowest effects BDI. When classified by events, BCTI was found to play a major role only during the COVID-19 period. Second, according to the results of the rolling-sample analysis, the total connectedness be found to be highly correlated with changes in economic conditions such as the financial crisis, trade war, and COVID-19 when specific events occurred.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.446-455
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• 2020

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep. Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods. Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2014

This study conducted experiments on the reclaimed land of Saemangeum located in Jeongrabuk-do in order to gain basic information about growth characteristics and yield ability according to soil salinity. Having soil excluding salt as a control group, this study adjusted the specimens' soil salinity to level 4 and then planted four varieties including Ilmichal Corn to investigate the growth or grain yield according to salinity. About the corn establishment rate according to soil salinity, over 97% up to $3.2dS\;m^{-1}$ was established, and then, it was reduced gradually according to the increase of concentration. According to the salt concentration of soil more required growth duration from seeding to heading comparing to non-treatment salt was delayed, at $1.6dS\;m^{-1}$, two days were delayed, at $3.2dS\;m^{-1}$, four to six days were delayed differently by varieties, and at $4.8dS\;m^{-1}$, six to 10 days were delayed. About the plant fresh weight according to soil salinity, Chalok 4 and Eolrukchal indicated 93%~97% or so compared with the salt-free one at $1.6dS\;m^{-1}$, and Chalok No. 4 showed 79% at the salinity of $3.2dS\;m^{-1}$, too, and it was a relatively higher growth percentage than those of the other varieties. In terms of dried seed weight according to soil salinity, compared with the corns cultivated in the control group, averagely 12.1% was lowered at the time of cultivation at $1.6dS\;m^{-1}$, and $3.2dS\;m^{-1}$ 40% was lowered, and about 70% was lowered at $4.8dS\;m^{-1}$. According to the result of examining the point of time that dried seed start to reduce due to soil salinity with the regression equation, soil salinity which starts the reduction of grain weight is $1.67dS\;m^{-1}{\sim}2.18dS\;m^{-1}$, and it differs by varieties, and EC of 50% that the yield reduces in half is $2.96dS\;m^{-1}{\sim}4.45dS\;m^{-1}$. And the degree of influence on each of the growth factors according to soil salinity is founded to be in the order of establishment rate

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.412-420
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the optimum cooking method and the ideal composition of Wax gourd Jung Kwa for the purpose of wide distribution. Wax gourd Jung Kwa was made by peeling off the wax gourd, digging out the stuff, slicing, soaking the pieces in ash water, and boiling slightly, then boiling down in honey, grain syrup. sugar, etc. As a result of sensory evaluation, the best color of Jung Kwa was observed in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and grain syrup 495$m\ell$; for the flavor, hardness and chewiness, Pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g; for the adhesiveness, pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and corn syrup 515$m\ell$; for the sweetness, pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 600$m\ell$ and sugar 90g and honey 120g. Overall Qualify was the highest in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, com syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, of which the sweetness was 74%. There were significant differences in all items (P＜0.05). For mechanical characteristics, the maximum cutting force was the highest in the samples with the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, and there were significant differences among all items (P<0.05). The highest moisture content, 45.54%, was observed in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g. water 1 litre and corn syrup 475$m\ell$. There were significant differences among all items (P＜0.05). The L value(lightness) was the highest in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475 $m\ell$ and sugar 50g. The a value(redness) was the highest in the case of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, com syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, which was almost red; and the b value(yellowness), wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and corn syrup 475g, which gave almost Yellow color. Taking consideration of the above results, the most desirable recipe for wax gourd Jung Kwa was to mix the 300g of pretreated wax gourd with 20g of ash powder, boil them slightly for 2 min, soak them in cold water for 1 hour, and boil them down with 475$m\ell$ of com syrup, 70g of sugar, and 1 litre of water for 5 hours, resulting in the sweetness of 74%. The samples with above recipe were the best in flavor, chewiness and hardness in sensory evaluation, and showed the highest maximum cutting force and nearest red color in the mechanical test.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.355-363
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate suitable rice cultivars for various rice based cropping systems in a paddy field in the Yeongnam plain area. Thirteen rice cultivars (5 early, 3 medium and 5 mid-late maturing cultivars) and three transplanting dates (June 5, June 25 and July 5) were evaluated in this study. The mid-late and early maturing cultivars for the July 5 and June 25 transplanting headed before August 30 which is the safe heading date in the Yeongnam plain area, ranging from Aug. 26 - 28 and Aug. 18 - 23, respectively. The safe harvest time of rice for double and triple cropping systems should be before the middle of October for the cultivation of the succeeding winter crops. The rice yield was the highest for the June 5 transplanting regardless of the rice cultivars, and it gradually decreased as the transplanting date was delayed from June 5 to July 5 due to a decrease in the spikelet numbers per panicle number and in the ripened grain rate. In contrast, the other yield parameters that include the panicle number per $m^2$, the 1,000-brown rice weight, and the ripened grain ratio were not significantly affected. The result indicates that based on the milled rice, heading time and harvest time, a medium maturing cultivar (Haiami and Samdeog) would be applicable to a winter barley/wheat, garlic/onion-summer rice double cropping, while a mid-late cultivar (Saeilmi, Saenuri and Hyunpoom) would be suitable for a spring potato/waxy corn-summer rice double cropping in the Yeongnam plain area. On the other hand, an early maturing cultivar (Unkwang, Jokwang and Haedamssal) would be preferable for a triple cropping because of the short growth period of rice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.341-351
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• 1991

Sixteen Holstein heifer calves were used in an 112-day trial to study the effects of probiotic supplementation on growth performance and rumen metabolism. Calves were divided into four groups of four calves each, with two groups receiving the probiotic supplement and two groups serving as controls. Calves were limited to 1.6 kg dry matter of a corn-barley based grain mix per day. Long-stem bromegrass hay was fed as forage the first 56 days and bromegrass silage the last 56 days of the trial. Probiotic (28 g/d/calf) was fed along with the grain mix twice daily. Data were analyzed for the entire trial and also for the separate hay and silage feeding periods. Total weight gain and average daily gain were not affected (p>.05) by probiotic supplementation. Dry matter intake was lower (p<.05) and feed efficiency (kg feed/kg weight gain) was improved slightly during the hay feeding period for the probiotic-supplemented calves. Wither height gain was greater (p<.05) during the hay period and lower (p<.05) during the silage period for probiotic-supplemented calves. Heart girth gain was improved (p<.07) by probiotic supplementation, particularly during the hay feeding period (p<.05). Total rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was higher (p<.05) with the probiotic-supplemented calves. Molar proportions of individual VFA were not affected (p>.05). Rumen ammonia-N and plasma urea-N concentration were lower (p<.05) for probiotic-supplemented calves during the hay feeding period. Total tract nutrient digestibility was not affected (p>.05). Some improvements in animal performance and changes in rumen and blood metabolites were observed when calves were supplemented with probiotic. Effects due to probiotic supplementation were most pronounced during the hay feeding period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.852-856
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine on the proximate analysis and the several structural carbohydrate for 11 kinds of new vegetables. The samples were dried at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs and ground to pass a 0.5 mm screen. The crude protein and crude fat contents of new vegetables were 2∼3 times higher than those of grain as dry matter basis. However the crude ash content of new vegetables was 7 times higher than that of grain. Total dietary fiber was ranged from 32.61% (Costamary) to 41,22% (Treviso) as dry matter basis. Insoluble dietary fiber was ranged from 21.58％ (Red leaf beet) to 28.95％ (Treviso) as dry matter basis. Soluble dietary fiber was ranged from 6.60% (Nakai) to 14.70% (Common danelion) as dry matter basis. Total carbohydrates was ranged from 73.62% (Salad bowl) to 36.30% (Red leaf beet) as dry matter basis. Neutral detergent fiber was ranged from 48.83% (Nakai) to 29.60% (Red leaf beet) as dry matter basis. Acid detergent lignin was ranged from 27.65% (Salad bowl) to 2.92% (Corn salad) as dry matter basis. Hemicellulose was ranged from 22.55% (Nakai) to 2.15% (Salad bowl).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.547-554
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• 2008

In performance, digestibility and slaughter trials, a total of forty five male weaned lambs were used to examine the effects of monensin and live yeast supplementations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters when the lambs were fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Animals were allotted to one of three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. The three treatment diets were: (1) basal diet (CON) with steam-flaked corn as a sole grain source, (2) basal diet supplemented with monensin (MO), and (3) basal diet supplemented with live yeast (LY). Total average daily intake (ADI) was unaffected by MO and LY supplementations. LY supplementation increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) by 13.1% compared with the CON diet. Both MO and LY supplementations resulted in a significant improvement (p<0.05) of feed efficiency over the CON diet (4.47, 4.68 vs. 5.05). Hemicellulose digestibility was higher (p<0.05) for lambs in the LY supplementation group (62.4%) as compared with the CON group (55.7%), but no differences were observed in digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). All carcass traits were not influenced by dietary supplementations. Ruminal pH in lambs fed the LY supplemental diet was more stable than that with the CON diet (6.57 vs. 6.17). Neither MO nor LY supplementation influenced the concentration of ruminal ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and molar percentages of individual VFA. Plasma urea-N concentration was decreased (p<0.05) by MO and LY supplementations, while plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose and other blood parameters were unaffected. In conclusion, while both MO and LY supplementations had a positive impact on feed efficiency and LY supplementation stabilized ruminal pH and improved fiber utilization, none of the supplements had the capacity to significantly enhance the carcass characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.993-1004
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• 2009

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of non-ionic surfactant (NIS) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and performance of beef steers fed high-roughage diets. The objective of experiment 1 was to investigate the effects of NIS supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation of cultures administered with corn and barley as grain substrate and rice straw and timothy hay as roughage substrate. The in vivo ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and digestibility of nutrients were also examined with steers fed a high-roughage diet in experiment 2. The aim of experiment 3 was to determine the responses to NIS of growing steers fed a high-roughage diet. In experiment 1, ammonia nitrogen concentration for NIS supplementation was higher (p<0.05) than for the control with all substrates. However, concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, butyrate and valerate of the incubated roughage substrates, rice straw and timothy hay, were higher (p<0.05) for NIS supplementation than for the control whereas VFA concentrations in the cultures of corn and barley were unaffected. These results indicated that effects of NIS on ruminal fermentation are diet dependent, specifically on roughage sources. In experiment 2, ruminal pH of steers supplemented with NIS was lower (p<0.05) than the control. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, acetate, total VFA and urinary concentrations of purine derivatives were increased (p<0.05) by NIS supplementation. In experiment 3, supplementation of NIS increased (p<0.05) intakes of total feed and corn silage, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of growing steers although they varied depending on supplementation level. Due to the roughage-specific feature of NIS effects, NIS appears to enhance ruminal fermentation of fibrous parts of feeds and, consequently, performance of steers fed a high-roughage diet.