• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 1999

Leaves of Aloe vera Linne and bloods of domestic animal were composted in a soild state fermentation reactor (SSFR) by using microbial additive including a bulking and moisture controlling agent. From solid-culture of microbial additive, 10 species of bacteria and 10 species of fungi were isolated and, their enzyme activities including amylase, carboxy methyl cellulase CMCase, lipase and protease were detected. Optimum fermentation conditions of Aloe leaves and domestic animal bloods in SSFR were obtained from the studies of response surface analysis employing microbial additive content, initial moisture content, and fermentation temperature as the independent variables. The optimum conditions for SSFR using Aloe leaves were obtained at 9.45$\pm$73%(w/w) of microbial additives, 62.73$\pm$4.54%(w/w) of initial moisture content and 55.32$\pm$3.14$^{\circ}C$ of fermentation temperature while those for SSFR using domestic animal bloods were obtained at 10.25$\pm$2.04%, 58.68$\pm$4.97% and 57.85$\pm$5.$65^{\circ}C$, respectively. Composting process in SSFR was initially proceeded through fermentation and solid materials were decomposed within 24 hours by maintaining higher moisture level, and maturing and drying steps are followed later. After the fermentation step, the concentrations of solid phase inorganic components were increased while that of organic components were decreased. Also, concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC), peptides, amino acids, polysaccharides, and low fatty acids in water extracts were increased. As fermentation in composting process depends on initial C/N ratios in water extracts of two samples were increased because of increased water-soluble TOC. From these results, it was revealed that solid state fermentation reactor using microbial additives can be used in composting process of organic wastes with broad C/N ratio.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.203-223
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• 2002

In Korea, Public Research Institutes(PRIs) are today faced with the challenges of creating values by transferring technologies in store within themselves to private commercial sector. Recently, It has been increasingly pointed out that PRIs have the poor capability to valuate prospective technologies of their own, and don't run the reasonable technology transfer mechanism in terms of establishing royalty rate and initial payment, designing remuneration to inventor, screening qualified licensee, and controlling the moral hazard. This paper develops an enhanced mathematical model of technology transfer from a PRI to a private industrial firm with including the inventor as an important player. The model is made up of the main part which derives the optimal royalty rate by maximizing the social welfare and sharing risk fairly between players and some sub-parts. The one sub-part is a principal-agent model which makes it possible to control the moral hazard of inventors, and the other part provides the criteria for screening appropriate licensees. Moreover, the moral hazard between inventor and licensee is addressed by introducing the cost reduction function of efforts exerted by them. The model is able to relate the optimal royalty rate to the parameters that represent the environments under which the concerned parties operate. Especially, the ratio of initial payment over the value of transferred technology is calculated from the binding relation with the royalty rate. The paper shows that the model suggested here is more enhanced by comparing with the existing technology transfer mechanism. Finally, the paper allows us to find better strategies for effective technology transfer and further develop more sophisticated technology transfer model.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2737-2742
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• 2011

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of an ethyl-substituted tetracyclododecene (8-ethyltetracyclo[$4.4.0.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}$] dodec-3-ene, Et-TCD) was carried out in the presence of a ternary catalyst system consisting of $WCl_6$, triisobutyl aluminium (iso$Bu_3Al$), and ethanol. The optimal molar ratio of Et-TCD/$WCl_3$/iso-$Bu_3Al$/ethanol was found as 500/1/3/2 at which the yield of ring-opened polymer was 100%. 1-Hexene was shown to be an effective molecular weight controlling agent for ROMP reaction of Et-TCD. The hydrogenation of the ring opened polymer (p-Et-TCD) was conducted successfully using Pd(5 wt %)/${\gamma}$-$Al_2O_3$ at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. Chemical structures of p-Et-TCD and its hydrogenated product($H_2$-p-Et-TCD) were characterized using 2D NMR techniques ($^1H-^1H$ COSY and $^1H-^{13}C$ HSQC). The changes of physical properties such as thermal stability, glass transition temperature and light transmittance after the hydrogenation were also investigated using TGA, DSC, and UV.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2002

EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic removal of copper and zinc from contaminated sandy soil was carried out. In desorption equilibrium tests, the required mass ratio of EDTA to metal was 10:1 to obtain over 90% of desorption from soil. The removal of heavy metals with chelating agent EDTA below pH 3 was limited because of EDTA precipitation. In electrokinetic experiments, the pH control at anode chamber was essential and 38% Cu and 56% Zn were removed under 30 mA for 1.5 days. Heavy metal removal was greatly improved by controlling anode and soil pH with circulation of anolyte with NaOH solution, in which >50% heavy metal was removed for 4 days and >70% for 9 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.400-404
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the antitumor activity of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) herbal extract in rat tumor model. We used a new tumor animal model for the invasion and metastasis of cancer using genetically k-ras-induced rat kidney cells (RK3E-ras). We observed tumor as early as 7 days after the injection of RK3E-ras cells in subcutaneous of Sprague-Dawley rats. All of the rats developed tumor mass at the inoculated site. After 7 days, the experimental groups were divided into two: saline control and injected with SM (200 mg/kg) groups. We investigated tumor's weight, size and hepatic metastasis of each group. Injection of SM herbal extract every other day for 14 days significantly inhibited tumor growth. Histologically, the tumors were undifferentiated carcinoma showing multifactorial necrosis and hemorrhage; also, the tumor invaded into hepatoportal region. Treatment with SM herbal extract caused significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Our data showed that SM herbal extract is effective in controlling the tendency of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis by injection of RK3E-ras cells. These findings provided the potential value of SM as a novel antitumor agent candidate.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2009

Biological control activity of Acremonium strictum BCP, a mycoparasite on Botrytis cinerea, was examined against six plant diseases such as rice blast, rice sheath blight, cucumber gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, and barley powdery mildew in growth chambers. The spore suspension of strain BCP showed strong control activities against five plant diseases except against wheat leaf rust. On the other hand, the culture filtrate of A. strictum BCP was effective in controlling only cucumber gray mold and barley powdery mildew. Further in vivo biocontrol activities of A. strictum BCP against tomato gray mold were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Control efficacy of the fungus on tomato gray mold increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of more than $1{\times}10^6$ spores/ml significantly controlled the disease both in tomato seedlings and in adult plants. The high disease control activity was obtained from protective application of the strain BCP, whereas the curative application did not control the disease. Foliar infections of B. cinerea were controlled with $1{\times}10^8$ spores/ml of A. strictum BCP applied up to 7 days before inoculation. In a commercial greenhouse, application of A. strictum BCP exhibited the similar control efficacy with fungicide procymidone (recommended rate, $500{\mu}g/ml$) against strawberry gray mold. These results indicate that A. strictum BCP could be developed as a biofungicide for Botrytis diseases under greenhouse conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ginseng Radix Alba extract solution on the cell cycle regulation, apoptosis of human uterine myoma cells. Methods: Primary cultured human uterine myoma cells were treated with extract solution of Ginseng Radix Alba concentration of 1, 10 and $100mg/m{\ell}$ for 48 hours. We underwent flow cytometry and western blotting for cell cycle and apoptosis related factors. Results: In flow cytometry, a slight promotion of G1 phase in $1mg/m{\ell}$ group had been observed but, simultaneously a delay of G1 phase in 10 and $100mg/m{\ell}$ groups were also observed. The manifestation of cyclin D1 in Ginseng Radix Alba extract solution medicated group increased compared to the control group. The manifestation of Bax controlling apoptosis increased in terms of concentration but Bcl-2 showed no change. Also VEGF increased in terms of concentration. Conclusion: The present study suggests that Ginseng Radix Alba extract solution treatment in human uterine myoma cells induce the delay of cell cycle and apoptosis. These results suggest that Ginseng Radix Alba will be a promising agent for use in therapeutics agents against human uterine myoma.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.48-53
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• 2009

Reproduction of antique document is of importance with the concept of sharing the their contents and original aspects in terms of textual and artistic message. 'Pine tree ink stick' and 'Oil ink stick' are greatly enjoyed in their uses in the most written documentary works. Thus, it is said that the approach of this study has implied considerable meanings to cultural aspects. In this work, we have performed to investigate the reproduction and restoration study for antique documents. With comparison and analysis of some types of "ink stick", we have prepared several ink samples, controlling viscosity, surfactant, thickness agent, and applied these inks to the target antique document. Several reproduced samples showed a practical application possibility in terms of reproduction and restoration.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 1996

A fundamental study on composting garbage was performed in a laboratory scale of a high-speed composting reactor. Major parameters were moisture content, temperature and C/N ratio. The results are as follows; pH of the compost was the highest at moisture 60% and anaerobic condition occurred at 70%. It was, also, found that C/N ratio, caused a nitrogen loss due to an occurrence of plentiful $NH_3$. Under controlling Temperature, pH was the highest at $60^{\circ}C$ and an inverse effect for Composting occurred under excessive Temperature as pH at $70^{\circ}C$ was lower than that of soil. The variation of pH and C/N ratio was the lowest when C/N ratio was 25. The results obtained from composting garbage revealed that the best condition of composting occurred under 50 to 60% of moisture content, $60^{\circ}C$ of temperature, and 25 of C/N ratio. It is believed that composting may be finished with in 56 hours if an optimal condition is setting up.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.20-27
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• 2014

Nowadays, the bleaching techniques of thermomechanical pulp(TMP) are fast developing on the strength of some benefits, mainly on low production cost and good fiber property. In this study, the optimum concentration of bleaching chemicals and the environmental load of bleaching wastes were considered to improve the bleaching efficiency of thermomechanical pulp using Korean redpine(Pinus densiflora) under the peroxide-based bleaching system. The optical property of TMP after bleaching was planned to use higher grade of paper, like printing & writting paper, not general newspaper. The concentration of bleaching chemicals, NaOH, $Na_2SiO_3$ and EDTA, in hydrogen peroxide bleaching system, on the basis of O.D. pulp was closely influenced on the improvement of TMP brightness. Final target of bleaching efficiency was set up to above 76%-ISO brightness. The optimal target brightness of Korean redpine TMP was reached to 76.45%-ISO under the conditions of $H_2O_2$ 7% with NaOH 2.20%, $Na_2SiO_3$ 0.63% and EDTA 0.02%. The concentration of NaOH, $Na_2SiO_3$ and EDTA was correlated functional to the residual peroxide content of wastewater, pH value and electric conductivity of TMP fibers after bleaching treatment. The optimal bleaching conditions by controlling the addition amount of chemicals were positively contributed to the brightness stabilization and environmental load of TMP.