• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-45
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• 2017

This study aims at explaining organizational mechanisms of inequality that has been rising rapidly alongside the proliferation of irregular employment in the post-crisis Korean labor market. It argues that inequality is not sufficiently explained by individual gap in human capital or widespread marketization as such. Social categories into which each individual worker falls seems more important as a source of labor market inequality. Employment types that are composed of regular and irregular employment do not simply indicate the different economic meanings of employment contracts but have rather been institutionalized as a social category of status in the context of inequality over the past two decades. They are also often matched with other social categories such as gender that have created and reproduced greater labor market inequality. We pay attention to the organizational practice of dominant incumbents who make claims for advantages of return based on their exclusive accessibility to limited organizational resources and explain how that particular practice plays a role to increase relational inequality between those insiders who achieve advantageous returns and outsiders mostly irregular workers who are excluded from those resources because of the social categories that they belong to. In this study, we identify seniority based pay as the key organizational practice that justifies categorical differences within the workplace and examine how that particular practice contributes to organizational level segmentation and income ineqaulity.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-127
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• 2017

Due to the management innovation policy that was introduced to governmentsupported research institutes (GSRI) in 1998, their employment structure has been continuously changing, with the most notable increase of the number of non-standard researchers and the diversification of employment contracts. This paper examines changes in the employment structure of GSRI over the last 20 years in relation to the introduction and operation of the PBS (project base system), which is a main factor that fundamentally changed the employment structure of research institutes. This paper purposes to analyze the current status of non-standard workers in the science and technology research area through interviewing standard and non-standard researchers. Under the PBS as a principle of organizing their research project, the project-managers cannot help but exploit non-standard researchers to process research within a tight budget. This structure of organizing research projects reinforces the increase of the number of non-standard researchers and diversification of non-standard employment relations. In addition, the wage and working conditions of non-standard workers are getting aggravated in this structure. Considering the characteristics of research institutes, precarious status of non-standard researchers will have negative effects on the development of science and technology.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The Neis System is a system integrating administrative information that was operated in elementary and secondary schools in Korea. Currently, this system is operated by a central server method and contains school administration information and important educational information of students. Among student information, the student life record contains important information for a student to advance to a higher level institution, but problems such as information leakage or manipulation may occur due to malicious attacks. In this paper, we propose a hybrid blockchain system that combines the server and blockchain technology managed by the existing Neis system. The proposed system records the query information of the database in a block when student information is accessed. When a request for correction of student information or issuance of a certificate is received, the query of the blockchain, the information in the database, and the student's key value are checked to determine whether the information has been leaked or manipulated, and only if the data is normal, the request for revision of the record is performed. This process is more secure than the existing central server because it checks the manipulation of data through the blockchain. The proposed system was implemented on the Ethereum platform, and the query information of the blockchain was experimentally verified using smart contracts. This study contributes to enhancing the reliability of the Nice system by strengthening the security against forgery and alteration of student data by combining the existing Nice system with a block chain.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2022

Domestic construction companies have difficulty in establishing strategies when entering overseas markets because they do not have an overseas construction economic sentiment index to refer to for data on overseas construction prospects. Considering that the fluctuation of overseas construction orders over the past decade has been substantial and large companies and SMEs are actively advancing overseas, this study developed an evaluation model for an overseas construction business sentiment index to grasp the economic experience of overseas construction companies. In 2021 Korean companies earned 30.6 billion in overseas construction contracts, 87% the level of the previous year, despite difficulties such as COVID-19 and low oil prices, thanks to efforts by construction companies to strengthen their strategies for entry, such as regional diversification, and government support for winning orders. Since the overseas construction industry fluctuates greatly due to changes in the international environment, it is necessary to investigate and analyze the economic sentiment index of overseas construction companies. In particular, despite the increase in overseas expansion of small and medium-sized construction companies and engineering companies, the provision of information on the overseas construction market sentiment index is insufficient, limiting the establishment of strategies for overseas construction expansion. Therefore, this study intends to develop an overseas construction market sentiment index model that can understand the economic sentiment of overseas construction companies, provide a forecast for overseas construction, and use it to establish overseas construction strategies and policies.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.475-482
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• 2020

The abdominal drawing-in maneuver(ADIM), which is performed to strengthen the stabilization muscles of the lumbar, is an exercise method that selectively contracts the TrA and IO by increasing intra-abdominal pressure. In order to check the effect of ADIM in sitting position, which is the most frequently used posture in everyday life, on how to grip power, ADIM was conducted in a sitting position for 30 healthy adults, and then the state was not performed. In each, the grip power was measured to determine how ADIM performed in the sitting position had an effect on grip power and which muscles had the most influence. The muscles mobilized for the electromyography(EMG) measurement were RA, EO, IO/TrA, and ES, which were the most activation lumbar stabilization muscles when ADIM was applied. As a result of the study, the activity on muscles of the lumbar stabilization was significantly increased and the grip power of the muscles was significantly increased than the ADIM in the sitting position. By comparing the measured difference value of each muscle, it was found that any muscle had a greater effect on grip power, but no muscle showed a significant correlation. It is thought that the increase of intra-abdominal pressure did not affect the grip power of a specific muscle. Therefore, if ADIM is performed in a sitting position that is frequently used in everyday life through this study, it will be more effective in increasing the grip power and lumbar stabilization.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-105
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• 2021

Natural gas consumption in Asia is growing at fast tempo because of various factors such as economic growth in the region, urbanization, coal-to-gas switch at power and industry sector. Due to geographical characteristics and lack of international pipeline connections between countries in the continent, majority of natural gas exported to Asian consumers is transported by tankers on the sea in the form of liquefied natural gas. As Asian market is the most lucrative market with the fastest demand growth, the competitions between LNG sellers for market share in Asian market are strengthening. The competitions accelerated, especially after the introduction of large volume of incremental supply into the market by new exporters from the U.S., Australia, and Russia. Cheniere Energy, the first exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the lower 48 states of U.S. has not adopted the traditional price formation mechanism and business model. Traditionally, prices of long-term LNG contracts have been indexed to the price of competing fuels, such as crude oil. The company adopted a pricing mechanism and business model based on a cost-plus system. Cheniere Energy opted for the safer and the risk-free pricing system, that annually guarantees a fixed amount of revenue to the seller. The company earns the same amount of money, regardless of natural gas price dynamics in the domestic and international market, but possibly with less revenue. However, by introducing and successfully implementing the safer and risk- free business model, Cheniere Energy, a company of a relatively smaller size in comparison with major oil and gas companies, became an example to other smaller-sized companies in the U.S. The company's business model demonstrated how to enter and operate LNG business amid increasing competitions among sellers in the U.S. and international market.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

Cloud of Things (CoT) can provide IoT applications with unlimited storage functions and processing power supported by cloud services. However, in a centralized cloud of things, it can create a single point of failure that can lead to bottleneck problems, outages of the CoT network. In this paper, to solve the problem of centralized cloud of things and interoperate between different service domains, we propose an IoT service interoperability system using distributed fog computing and blockchain technology. Distributed fog is used to provide real-time data processing and services in fog systems located at a geographically close distance to IoT devices, and to enable service interoperability between each fog using smart contracts and distributed ledgers of the blockchain. The proposed system provides services within a region close to the distributed fog entrusted with the service from the cloud, and it is possible to access the services of other fogs without going through the cloud even between fogs. In addition, by sharing a service right token issuance information between the cloud and fog nodes using a blockchain network, the integrity of the token can be guaranteed and reliable service interoperability between fog nodes can be performed.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.123-146
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• 2020

This study, targeting KOSDAQ-listed companies, examined the relationship between variability of accruals and corporate characteristics. First, the analysis results show that executives of companies with high debt ratios are more likely to violate debt contracts, so there is a strong temptation to use discretionary accrual items. Second, for companies with large volatility in operating cash flows, Executives of these companies are strongly inclined to utilize accruals for the purpose of abuse of discretion. Third, the larger the company, the more sensitive it is to political costs, so it is less tempted to use the accruals item than a smaller company. Fourth, the corporate age is thought to be the maturity of the company, Executives of such companies have little room to use accruals to abuse their discretion. Fifth, in the case of profit dummy variables, the companies reporting losses have more temporary accrual items than those reporting profits, so this increases the uncertainty in their accounting information than the latter. Sixth, for those companies that are indicated as inappropriate as a result of audit, the more likely their executives are to use the accrual items, and the lower the quality of their accounting profits is. Lastly, Companies audited by 4 Big domestic accounting firms have less discretionary accrual fluctuations than companies audited by non-big 4 accounting firms. Thus, it was found that the accrual amount allows the discretion of corporate executives differently according to the characteristics of the company.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.101-110
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• 2022

Recently, the global construction market is expected to grow at an annual average of 4.8% by 2025 and the risk of overseas construction is also expected to increase accordingly. In particular, domestic construction companies intensively participated in the EPC(Engineering, Procurement, Construction)/Turnkey project, but as a result of failing to respond to contractual risks, they have suffered losses of trillions of won in overseas business since 2013. Nevertheless, there have been not many studies on the derivation of EPC/Turnkey's contractual key risk sub-clauses. Therefore, in this study, the key risk sub-clauses were studied for the conditions of the 2017 Silver Book contract issued by the International Consulting Engineering Federation(FIDIC). To this end, 30 experts with more than 10 years of experience in international construction contracts were formed as a panel to conduct a Delphi survey on 170 sub-clauses of 21 clauses of FIDIC Silver Book to derive 62 main risk sub-clauses. In addition, the RPN(Risk Priority Number) was finally calculated using the FMEA(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) technique, and 25 key risk sub-clauses within the Critical Risk range were derived. Through the results of this study, the practical point of view is able to refer to the contract provisions to be carefully reviewed at the bidding and contract signing stage in overseas construction projects. From an academic point of view, it provides direction and basic knowledge of how to study the contract fields used in overseas construction EPC/Turnkey projects.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.439-448
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• 2022

Recently, domestic small and medium-sized subcontractors participating in the overseas construction market are suffering from the continuous loss and damage due to the insufficient recognition of the importance of risk Sub-Clauses among conditions of subcontracts. Therefore, the need to derive risk Sub-Clauses for conditions of the subcontract has been raised, but until now, previous studies have been conducted focusing on deriving risk Sub-Clauses for standard conditions of contract for construction between the Employer and the Contractor. In this study, 52 risk Sub-Clauses were derived on the basis of the influence size of the Sub-Clauses through the Delphi technique targeting 94 Sub-Clauses of conditions of standard subcontract for construction edition 2011, issued by the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and In addition, 33 key risk Sub-Clauses were finally derived through the PI Risk Matrix by Probability and Impact. The results of this study provide will useful information on key risk Sub-Clauses that need to be reviewed in advance to minimize contractual risks at the stage of bidding and signing contracts for overseas subcontract construction projects.