• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Multilayer sub-contracting is a significant practice among the world, including Hong Kong. When a principal contractor secured a project from a developer, the specific jobs will usually be breaking down and sub-contractors with the lowest bid [1]. The adoption of multilayer sub-contracting has been a controversy issue which is considered as a two-side blade. While certain studies have been carried out to examine both the contributions, damages and improvements for multi-layer subcontracting, the construction industry and researchers are still waiting for a solid measure to enhance the system. Hence, this research attempts to study the advantages, disadvantages, conducts a comparison between single and multilayer sub-contracting and measures of current Hong Kong construction industry based on literature review, questionnaire and in-depth interviews. To achieve the objectives, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and total weighted score methods are adopted to examine and rank the criterion. The findings of this study provide a good basis for understanding the major reasons and problems caused by the adoption of multilayer sub-contracting. Besides, the identified safety perspective explores a new perspective regarding to issues of multi-layer subcontracting, which will serve as a solid foundation for further research to enhance safety performance. Finally, the findings of measurements towards improvement of multilayer sub-contracting will also provide a solidsolution for construction industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2009

This paper intended to find rational alternatives for contracting-out of duties of the Busan port Pier Management Corporation, which is facing the merger and abolition, and of which main functions include the management of port facilities such as International Passenger Terminal, Cruise Terminal and Coast Passenger Terminal. This paper searched appropriate term, needs (merits), proper scope and cost of the contracting-out of that port facilities. The result of the analysis indicated that the best policy is to privatize the Busan port Pier Management Corporation itself to make it an private incorporated company.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.95-103
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• 2009

This paper intended to find rational alternatives for contracting-out of duties of the Busan port Pier Management Corporation. tint is facing the merger and abolition, and whose main functions include the management of port facilities such as International Passenger Terminal, Cruise Terminal, and Coast Passenger Terminal. For this purpose. the paper searched appropriate term, needs (merits), proper scope and cost if the contracting-out of that port facilities. The result of the analysis indicated that the best policy is to privatize the Busan port Pier Management Corporation itself to make it an private incorporated company.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2017

The market of the municipal wasetewater treatment plant (MWTP) operation is expanding across the world including Korea. The contracting-out system was introduced for the effective operation of MWTPs. However, an improvement of the contracting-out system of MWTP has been continuously required. This research investigated current operational status of MWTPs in Korea, to suggest the improvement of the cost effective MWTP operation to promote the contracting-out system of MWTP operation. Results showed that lower operational costs of MWTP were lower in larger MWTPs than in smaller MWTPs. Overall, MWTPs operated by a public enterprise showed lower operational costs than those operated by government agencies and private enterprises. Among the MWTPs similar in their treatment capacity, treatment process and operation period, MWTPs operated by private enterprises showed the lowest operational cost. According to the survey, managers and operators of MWTPs emphasized the importance of improvement on the methods of selecting operating agencies and estimating operationing costs. The results of this study should be useful as important supporting data to promote the contracting-out system for the MWTP operation.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.638-642
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• 2005

This paper presents incentive application strategies and delay prevention strategies as schematic approaches to improve time performance of highway construction contracts. This research recognizes the importance of improving time performance during highway construction. Strategic solutions of the most core issues on time performance incentive contracting are identified. The suggested incentive application strategies develop criteria for applying time classification to projects, for assigning project time classifications to contractors and designers, and for determining appropriate incentive values in A (cost) + B (time cost) and other performance incentive contracts. The suggested delay prevention strategies develop criteria for determining the appropriate subsurface utility engineering (SUE) level and to develop best practices for avoiding utility relocation delays. A schematic approach for each strategy is developed. This paper also introduces current incentive contracting practices in Florida. The researchers obtained the information from experienced persons in the highway construction industry, including key highway contractors, designers, and Department of Transportation (DOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) personnel. The major focus of this research is to develop strategies and suggest approaches to improve time performance of highway construction contracts. For future study, practical tools to facilitate implementation of the suggested strategies should be developed, so that the criteria, implementation processes, and best practices developed may contribute to the current industry-wide effort to improve time performance.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.229-233
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• 2001

The incidence of complications of measles is about 4% and most of the chief complications are in the respiratory system, such as pneumonia, bronchitis. One of other potential dangers of measles is exacerbation of an existing pulmonary tuberculosis. We report a case of exacerbated pulmonary tuberculosis in 15-year old male child after contracting measles during epidemic in year 2001.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.986-991
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• 2005

Intense competition existing in construction market creates an industry that is dominated by the client groups. Numerous studies dealing with private clients' needs and expectations from contractor firms exist in the literature. However in the unique construction industry, in addition to clients, consultants as representatives of clients will almost always have very important roles to play as well. By presenting survey findings of 50 consultant firms, this study provides insights into consultants' general needs and expectations from contracting organizations on behalf of their clients by using the data from Northern Cyprus private building construction market.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.703-719
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• 2014

This paper is concerned with the traveling wave solutions of nonlocal dispersal models with nonlocal delays. The existence of traveling wave solutions is investigated by the upper and lower solutions, and the asymptotic behavior of traveling wave solutions is studied by the idea of contracting rectangles. To illustrate these results, a delayed competition model is considered by presenting the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions, which completes and improves some known results. In particular, our conclusions can deal with the traveling wave solutions of evolutionary systems which admit large time delays reflecting intraspecific competition in population dynamics and leading to the failure of comparison principle in literature.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.835-839
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• 2005

I studied on the correlativity with an individual constitution and etiological factor, the results are as follows. As the external wickedness invade into human body, the condition of an individual constitution determine whether being attacked with a disease or not. Moreover the contracting and the tendency of a disease are determined from the peculiarity of an individual constitution. And whether being attacked with a disease or not, the contracting and the tendency are possible explained of DONG-GI-SANG-GU(the indentical vigour looking for mutually). The division on the malice for cause of a disease and the symptom of a disease are more and more necessary.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.481-506
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• 2022

This paper is concerned with the study of various notions of shadowing of dynamical systems induced by a sequence of maps, so-called time varying maps, on a metric space. We define and study the shadowing, h-shadowing, limit shadowing, s-limit shadowing and exponential limit shadowing properties of these dynamical systems. We show that h-shadowing, limit shadowing and s-limit shadowing properties are conjugacy invariant. Also, we investigate the relationships between these notions of shadowing for time varying maps and examine the role that expansivity plays in shadowing properties of such dynamical systems. Specially, we prove some results linking s-limit shadowing property to limit shadowing property, and h-shadowing property to s-limit shadowing and limit shadowing properties. Moreover, under the assumption of expansivity, we show that the shadowing property implies the h-shadowing, s-limit shadowing and limit shadowing properties. Finally, it is proved that the uniformly contracting and uniformly expanding time varying maps exhibit the shadowing, limit shadowing, s-limit shadowing and exponential limit shadowing properties.