• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2009

A probability-based data generation is a typical context-generation method that is a not only simple and strong data generation method but also easy to update generation conditions. However, the probability-based context-generation method has been found its natural-born ambiguousness and confliction problems in generated context data. In order to compensate for the disadvantages of the probabilistic random data generation method, a situation propagation network is proposed in this paper. The situation propagating network is designed to update parameters of probability functions are included in probability-based data generation model. The proposed probability-based context-generation model generates two kinds of contexts: one is related to independent contexts, and the other is related to conditional contexts. The results of the proposed model are compared with the results of the probabilitybased model with respect to performance, reduction of ambiguity, and confliction.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.59-81
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• 2009

The primary goal of this paper was to develop a critical point of view to critical pedagogy when applied to EFL contexts. Critical pedagogy is more concerned about how language can affect personal and social change of teachers and students than it is with how to teach language effectively or in ways that encourage critical thinking on the part of teacher and students. For this goal, this paper introduces the definition, emergence and major constructs of critical pedagogy in a broad way at first. Then, this paper presents how critical pedagogy has an impact on ELT, focusing on how critical pedagogy is applied in ELT contexts and why the application of critical pedagogy in EFL can be criticized, through the review of empirical studies. Reflection of Korean English teaching situation and applicational difficulties of critical pedagogy in Korean ELT are followed.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

This paper describes a GIS framework for geo-semantic information retrieval in mobile computing environments. We built geographic ontologies of POI (point of interest) and weather information for use in the combination of semantic, spatial, and temporal functions in a fully integrated database. We also implemented a geo-semantic app for Android-based smartphones that can extract more appropriate POIs in terms of user contexts and geographic ontologies and can visualize the POIs using Google Maps API (application programming interface). The feasibility tests showed our geo-semantic app can provide pertinent POI information according to mobile user contexts such as location, time, schedule, and weather. We can discover a baking CVS (convenience store) in the test of bakery search and can find out a drive-in theater for a not rainy day, which are good examples of the geo-semantic query using semantic, spatial, and temporal functions. As future work, we should need ontology-based inference systems and the LOD (linked open data) of various ontologies for more advanced sharing of geographic knowledge.

• Language and Information
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-72
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• 2004

In general, it is assumed that a pronoun refers to the same individual as the referent of its antecedent. However, when a pronoun and its antecedent are in different information or belief states, the two may not refer to the same individual. Then a question arises what a pronoun refers to. In this paper, two cases are considered. When a pronoun occurs in an attitude context, one case is where its antecedent occurs in a belief context, and the other is where the antecedent occurs in the main context. I propose that a pronoun refers to an individual concept which links two different subjects in two different contexts, and that the selection of a proper individual concept is restricted by the discourse. So a pronoun can be used felicitously only when there is a unique individual concept supported by the individual concept introduced by the discourse and which can link two subjects in two different contexts.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.15-31
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• 2003

This study examined the effects of emotion inducing contexts on types of infants smiling. Facial expressions of forty-five 11-to 15-month-old infants were videotaped in an experimental lab with positive and negative emotional contests. Infants' smiling was identified as the Duchenne smile or non-Duchenne smile based on FACS(Facial Action Coding System, Ekman & Friesen, 1978). Duration of smiling types was analyzed. Overall, infants showed more smiling in the positive than in the negative emotional context. Occurrence of Duchenne smiling was more likely in the positive than in the negative context and in the peek-a-boo than in the melody toy condition within the same positive context. Non-Duchenne smiling did not differ by context.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.19-33
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper was to examine acoustical characteristics of phonatory offset-onset mechanism in the connected speech of female adults with stuttering and normal nonfluency. The phonatory offset-onset mechanism refers to the laryngeal articulatory gestures. Those gestures are required to mark word boundaries in phonetic contexts of the connected speech. This mechanism included 7 patterns based on the speech spectrogram. This study showed the acoustic features in the connected speech in the production of female adults with stuttering (n=1) and normal nonfluency (n=3). Speech tokens in V_V, V_H, and V_S contexts were selected for the analysis. Speech samples were recorded by Sound Forge, and the spectrographic analysis was conducted using Praat. Results revealed a stuttering (with a type of block) female exhibited more laryngealization gestures in the V_V context. Laryngealization gesture was more characterized by a complete glottal stop or glottal fry both in V_H and in V_S contexts. The results were discussed from theoretical and clinical perspectives.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

Recently, because most of buildings in the city become bigger and higher, so various convenient facilities and high-tech management skills are required to prevent potential disasters. Especially, because fires in huge buildings can cause serious damage, technologies and methods that help people quickly and safely to escape from the building is very important to extinguish the fire in initial state and to minimize the damage. This paper suggests a context-aware service system that can provide optimal escape routes to tenants with their smart-phones. The proposed system collects contexts with real time through USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) and provides an optimum escape route based on the collected contexts through service users' smart phones. In addition, The system provides not only safe routes from the fire but also valuable information for rescue operations with real time.

• Language and Information
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 1999

This paper attempts to provide an account for the problems of intensional opacity of referring expressions and the presupposition inheritance in the belief contexts from the discourse perspective. I discuss Jaszczolt's discourse model based on DRT to account for the belief reports. Jaszczolt analyzes referring expressions in terms of the three readings(de re, de $dicto_1$ and de $dicto_2$) and attempts to represent the differences between them in the DRS's via different anchoring modes; external anchoring, formal anchoring and nonanchoring. I propose an extended model to account for the presupposition inheritance in the belief contexts and attempt to analyze the data in Korean based on this model. The differences in the PI and in the representations of DRS's which are induced by the different complement types, ${\ldots}ko(mitta)\;and\;{\ldots}kesul(mitta)$, are discussed.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.7-21
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• 2006

The intent of the present study is to investigate the acoustic properties of Korean /w/ in various phonological contexts, compare them with those of English /w/, and attempt to explain why English /w/'s are perceived differently by Korean speakers depending on the phonological contexts. Experiments 1 and 2 present the acoustic measure of F2 of Korean /w/ in various linguistic positions and show that unlike English /w/, Korean /w/ shows quite a strong coarticulation with the following vowel. Based on these experiments, Experiment 3 investigates why English /w/ is adapted differently into Korean. Specifically, it discusses why English /wain/ is adapted as /wain/ whereas English /twin/ is adapted into Korean as $/t^{h_i}win/$ with an extra vowel. This study argues that the different perception of English /w/ by Korean and English speakers is due to the different F2 transitional pattern of /w/ in Korean and English in various phonological contexts. It also argues that the F2 transitional pattern is an important factor in the perception of /w/.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

Pervasive computing and social network are good resources in recommendation method. Collaborative filtering is one of the most popular recommendation methods, but it has some limitations such as rating sparsity. Moreover, it does not consider social network in pervasive computing environment. We propose an effective proactive friend recommendation method using social network and contexts in pervasive computing environment. In collaborative filtering method, users need to rate sufficient number of items. However, many users don't rate items sufficiently, because the rating information must be manually input into system. We solve the rating sparsity problem in the collaboration filtering method by using contexts. Our method considers both a static and a dynamic friendship using contexts and social network. It makes more effective recommendation. This paper describes a new friend recommendation method and then presents a music friend scenario. Our work will help e-commerce recommendation system using collaborative filtering and friend recommendation applications in social network services.