• 한국습지학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2003

The unsteady 2D convection and diffusion equation is solved numerically for the real-time simulation of suspended load propagation. The streamlined upwind scheme efficiently reduces numerical oscillations due to the high Peclet number in the convection dominant flow. By using the mixed boundary condition to express the external source terms or externally induced suspended load as a function of time in the algorithm, the model is capable of handling not only continuous load cases but also non-continuous suspended load influx. The suspended load transport modelwas verified using a case study for which an analytical exact solution is available and was applied to the real-time simulation of a suspended load influx case on the Mississippi River. The model algorithm can provide a framework upon which water quality as well as contaminant transport models can be built.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.57-62
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• 2004

Streamline simulation researches have been extensively accomplished due to the swiftness of computation and the reduction of numerical dispersion. In this study, we developed a streamline simulation model using a semianalytical solution of ID transport equation. To validate accuracy of the developed model, we compared simulation results of contaminant transport, which were acquired by streamline simulation models using an analytical solution, a numerical solution, and a semianalytical solution. The developed model using the semianalytical solution matched well with the model using an analytical solution. However, streamline simulation model using a numerical solution showed numerical dispersion. For an advection-dominant flow, there was little difference in the simulation results between the developed model and tile analytical model, but the differences between the analytical model and the numerical model were cleary shown. From the comparison of computing time we know that the streamline simulation using the semianalytical solution is 2-60 times as fast as the streamline simulation using the numerical solution.

• 대한자원환경지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한자원환경지질학회 2002년도 제18차 공동학술강연회 자연저감고 지질학 (대한 자원 환경지질학회)
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• pp.81-100
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• 2002

While most of regulatory communities in abroad recognize ' 'natural attenuation " to include degradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption (including precipitation and transformation), and volatilization as governing Processes, regulators prefer "degradation" because this mechanism destroys the contaminant of concern. Unfortunately, true degradation only applies to organic contaminants and short- lived radionuclides, and leaves most metals and long-lived radionuclides. The natural attenuation Processes may reduce the potential risk Posed by site contaminants in three ways: (i)contaminants could be converted to a less toxic form througy destructive processes such as biodegradation or abiotic transformations; (ii) potential exposure levels may be reduced by lowering concentrations (dilution and dispersion); and (iii) contaminant mobility and bioavailability may be reduced by sorption to geomedia. In this review, authors will focus will focul on "sorption" among the natural attenuation processes of hazardous inorganic contaminants including radionuclides. Note though that sorption and transformation processes of inorganic contaminants in the natural setting could be influenced by biotic activities but our discussion would limit only to geochemical reactions involved in the natural attenuation. All of the geochemical reactions have been studied in-depth by numerous researchers for many years to understand "retardation" process of contaminants in the geomedia. The most common approach for estimating retardation is the determination of distrubution coefficiendts ($K_{d}$) of contaminants using parametric or mechanistic models. As typocally used in fate and contaminant transport calculations such as predictive models of the natural attenuation, the $K_{d}$ is defined as the ratio of the contaminant concentration in the surrounding aqueous solution when the system is at equilibrium. Unfortunately, generic or default $K_{d}$ values can result in significant error when used to predict contaminant migration rate and to select a site remediation alternative. Thus, to input the best $K_{d}$ value in the contaminant transport model, it is essential that important geochemical processes affecting the transport should be identified and understood. Precipitation/dissolution and adsorption/desorption are considered the most important geochemical processes affecting the interaction of inorganic and radionuclide contaminants with geomedia at the near and far field, respectively. Most of contaminants to be discussed in this presentation are relatively immobile, i.e., have very high $K_{d}$ values under natural geochemical environments. Unfortunately, the obvious containment in a source area may not be good enough to qualify as monitored natural attenuation site unless owner demonstrate the efficacy if institutional controls that were put in place to protect potential receptors. In this view, natural attenuation as a remedial alternative for some of sites contaminated by hazardous-inorganic components is regulatory and public acceptance issues rather than scientific issue.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.204-207
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• 2001

An optimization process for the design of groundwater remediation is developed by simultaneously considering the well location and the pumping rate. This process uses two independent models: simulation and optimization model. Groundwater flow and contaminant transport are simulated with MODFLOW and MT3D in simulation model. In optimization model, the location and pumping rate of each well are determined and evaluated by the genetic algorithm. In a homogeneous and symmetric domain, the developed model is tested using sequential pairs for pumping rate of each well, and the model gives more improved result than the model using sequential pairs. In application cases, the suggested optimal design shows that the main location of wells is on the centerline of contaminate distribution. The resulting optimal design also shows that the well with maximum pumping rate is replaced with the further one from the contaminant source along flow direction and that the optimal pumping rate declines when more cleanup time is given. But the optimal pumping rate is not linearly proportional to the cleanup time and the minimum total pumping volume does not coincide with the optimal pumping rate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.176-193
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• 2007

The ability to measure groundwater contaminant flux is increasingly being recognized as crucial in order to prioritize contaminated site cleanups, estimate the efficiency of remediation technologies, measure rates of natural attenuation, and apply proper source terms to model groundwater contaminant transport. Recently, a number of methods have been developed and subsequently applied to measure contaminant mass flux in groundwater in the field. Flux measurement methods can be categorized as either point methods or integral methods. As the name suggests, point methods measure flux at a specific point or points in the subsurface. To increase confidence in the accuracy of the measurement, it is necessary to increase the number of points (and therefore, the cost) of the sampling network. Integral methods avoid this disadvantage by using pumping wells to interrogate large volumes of the subsurface. Unfortunately, integral methods are expensive because they require that large volumes of contaminated water be extracted and managed. Recent work has investigated the development of an integral method that does not require extraction of contaminated water from the subsurface. We begin with a review of the significance and importance of measuring groundwater contaminant mass flux. We then review groundwater contaminant flux measurement methods that are either currently in use or under development. Finally, we conclude with a qualitative comparison of the various flux measurement methods.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2020

Sensitivity analysis of hydrodynamic and reaction parameters in conceptual model reflecting aquifer characteristics of Korea was performed to evaluate the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations. Among the hydrodynamic input parameters, both hydraulic conductivity (K_x) and hydraulic gradient (I) affected transport behaviors of contaminants, and resulted in same convergence concentrations with continuous injections of contaminant. However, longitudinal dispervisity (α_L) affected both transport behaviors and the convergence concentrations of contaminants. Compared to the hydrodynamic parameters, growth kinetic and degradation parameters (μ_m & K_c) more significantly affected both transport behaviors and the convergence concentrations of contaminants, indicating those parameters had higher sensitivity indices causing the uncertainties of model predictions. Considering that the sensitivity indices of both hydrodynamic and reaction parameters were a function of transport distance of groundwater, the parameters with higher sensitivity indices, a priori, need to be investigated using conceptual model reflecting site-specific aquifer characteristics before field investigation. After determining the parameters with higher sensitivity indices, the detail field investigations for the selected hydrodynamic and reaction parameters were warranted to reduce the uncertainties of model predictions.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2009

차수막이 설치되어 있지 않은 매립장에서 하부 지반으로 누출된 침출수의 이동을 고려하였다. 일련의 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션의 결과를 검토하여 지반의 수리지질학적, 화학적 불균질성이 침출수 이동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 (1) 수리전도도(K)와 분배계수($K_d$)가 균질, (2) 수리전도도만 불균질, (3) 수리전도도와 분배계수가 모두 불균질 경우 등 3단계의 공간 변동성이 있는 가상 매립지 시스템을 시뮬레이션하였다. 포화 유동 모델과 오염물 이동 모델을 이용하여 지구통계학적 입력 인자들로부터 생성된 역상관관계의 랜덤 수리전도도-분배계수 장 내 침출수 이동을 평가하였다. 100회의 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션으로부터 얻은 결과에 대하여 평균, 표준편차, 변이계수와 같은 점기반 통계치들을 계산하였다. 통계치 결과에 따르면 매립 지반의 수리전도도와 분배계수의 불균질성은 침출수 농도를 제어하는 주요한 인자로서 수리전도도와 분배계수의 복합 불균질성을 반영함에 따라 오염물 이동의 변동성이 증가하였다. 또한 오염원과 감시정간의 거리가 커질수록 각 실현 간 침출수 농도의 변동성이 증가하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.41-50
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 실제(實際) 매립지(埋立地)의 현장조사와 Lab-Lysimeter의 측정(測定)을 실시하여 침출수(浸出水)의 발생량(發生量)과 수질(水質)을 예측하기 위하여 수행되었다. 매립시간(埋立時間)의 경과에 따른 폐기물중(廢棄物中) 휘발성(揮發性) 고형물질(固形物質)(VS)의 함량(含量), 생분해가능물질(生分解可能物質)(biodegradable matter, BDM), 함수율(含水率)(moisture content), 수분저장능력(水分貯藏能力)(field capacity), 건조단위중량(乾燥單位重量)(dry density) 등(等)을 측정분석(測定分析)하여 매립지내(埋立地內)의 폐기물(廢棄物)의 성상(性狀) 및 분해(分解)정도를 파악하고, 매립지(埋立地)의 성상(城上)과 비슷한 Lab-Lysimeter를 제작하여 생폐기물(生廢棄物) 및 분해(分解)가 진행(進行)된 폐기물(廢棄物)을 투입하여 침출수(浸出水)의 발생량(發生量) 및 수질(水質)을 측정분석(測定分析)하였다. 또한 불포화(不飽和)흐름방정식(方程式)에 증발산량(蒸發散量)과 표면유출(表面流出)을 고려한 모델을 만들고, 분해요소(分解要素)를 적용하여 불포화분해이송식(不飽和分解移送式)으로 발전(發展)시켰으며, 유한차분법(有限差分法)(finite difference method)을 이용(利用)하여 computer program을 개발(開發)하였고 폐기물(廢棄物) 매립지(埋立地)에서 지수문학적(地水文學的) 요소(要素)와 폐기물(廢棄物)의 분해요소등(分解要素等)을 고려하여 simulation을 실시하였으며 실험결과(實驗結果)와 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果), 본(本) 연구(硏究) 모델이 침출수(浸出水)의 발생량(發生量)과 수질(水質)을 예측하는데 적합하다고 판단되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2008

오염물질로 오염된 퇴적점토의 강도, 변형 및 투수특성 변화를 파악하기 위하여 NaCl 수용액과 매립장 침출수를 시료의 간극수(포화수)로 교체하여 삼축압축시험과 압밀시험을 수행하였다. 또한, 채취된 점토시료의 화학적 특성을 규명하기 위하여 주사전자현미경(SEM) 관찰과 에너지분산분광(EDX) 분석이 수반된다. 화학성분 분석결과 O, C, Si, Al, Fe 크기 순의 구성비가 얻어졌으며, 삼축압축시험 및 압밀시험결과는 NaCl의 농도가 증가할수록 극한응력(강도)은 증가하고 압축성과 투수성이 커지는 경향을 보이는데, 이는 전해질의 농도가 증가할수록 확산이중층(DDL)의 두께가 감소되어 면모화되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 점토 차수재를 투과한 침출수가 지하수 오염에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 MT3D 해석모델이 이용되었으며, 지하수 오염거동 해석결과 초기 염소이온 농도가 클수록 측정농도도 커지며, 시간경과에 따라 지하수 오염농도는 비선형적으로 증가되었다. 지하수 오염농도 감쇄 관계식을 유도하여 지하수 오염 이동거리를 예측한 결과, 초기농도가 클수록 지하수 오염 이동거리도 크게 나타났다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2012

오염물질의 이동 현상을 모의하기 위하여, 감쇠항이 있는 3차원 이송-확산 방정식의 수치모형이 개발되었다. 개발된 모형은 유한차분 모형으로서 시간단계의 가중치 ${\alpha}$를 포함하는 음해법(implicit finite difference method)과, 반복법인 Gauss-Seidel SOR(successive over relaxation)이 사용되었다. 모형은 보다 단순화된 가정 하에서 존재하는 두 가지의 해석적인 해와 비교되었다. 그 결과 Peclet number가 5~20 이하에서는 수치 분산의 영향이 크지 않았고 작은 오차범위 내에서 해석적인 해와 동일하였다. 또한 가중치 ${\alpha}$의 변화에 대한 모형의 거동은 Crank-Nicolson 모형(${\alpha}$=0.5)이 fully-implicit 모형(${\alpha}$=1)보다 해석적인 해에 접근함을 보여주었다. 모형의 검증과 실효성 제고를 위하여, mass balance를 검토하였다. 즉, 이송, 확산 및 감쇠항 각각에 대한 질량 이동을 산출하였으며, 그 결과 질량 이동의 계산 오차는 약 3% 이내였다. 본 모형은 감쇠 과정이 수반되는 3차원 이송-확산의 농도분포와 질량이동을 산출할 수 있으며 다양한 경계조건을 설정함으로서 현장조건을 반영할 수 있다. 그러나본 모형은 고정격자를 기반으로하는 유한차분 모형이므로 Peclet number가 비교적 작게 나타날 수 있는 토양 및 지하수계의 오염물질 이동 등의 문제에서 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.