• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.12
• /
• pp.1720-1725
• /
• 2011

Aspartic acid chelated iron (Asp-Fe) was synthesized by a new method using calcium carbonate, aspartic acid, and ferrous sulfate. This study was carried out to investigate the bioavailability of Asp-Fe in iron-deficient rats. We divided the rats into four experimental groups. The first was the normal diet control group, or NC. The second was the no treated control group of iron-deficient (ID) rats, or ID+C. The third was the heme-iron (heme-Fe) treated group of ID rats, ID+heme-Fe. And the fourth was the Asp-Fe treated group of ID rats, or ID+Asp-Fe. There were no differences among any of the experimental groups in diet consumption, change of body weight, or the weight of the livers, kidneys, or spleens. After 7 days of feeding, the iron content in the sera of the ID+Asp-Fe group (175.2 ${\mu}g$/dL) and the ID+heme-Fe group (140.8 ${\mu}g$/dL) were significantly higher than that of the ID-C group (96.1 ${\mu}g$/dL). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the ID+Asp-Fe group (735.4 ${\mu}g$/dL) was significantly normalized compared to the ID+C group (841.9 ${\mu}g$/dL) or ID+heme-Fe group (824.6 ${\mu}g$/dL). The hematocrit level of the ID+Asp-Fe group was increased to normal levels, but there was no statistical difference among ID groups. The absorption ratio of heme-Fe was 21.3% and that of Asp-Fe was 50.2%, which indicates a 2.3 times higher ratio in comparison with heme iron. With the above results we found that Asp-Fe seems to be an efficient form of iron to supply iron deficient rats in order to cure them of anemia. Thus, these findings suggest that aspartic acid chelated iron has the potential to serve as a functional food related to iron metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.7
• /
• pp.852-861
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to assess the risk factors associated with hypertension from Jan/2003 to Feb/2003. The subjects were 1,296 people (496 males, 800 females) aged 40 years and over living in Andong rural area. The hypertensive group was composed of 602 people (272 males, 330 females), who were diagnosed as hypertension ($SBP{\geq}140\;mmHg$ or $DBP{\geq}90\;mmHg$) for the first time at this health examination. The mean anthropometric values of body weight, body fat (%), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were significantly higher in hypertensive group than those in normal group. However, the biochemical measurements such as total-cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels did not show any difference between two groups except TG in female. The risk factors of interest in the development of hypertension were analyzed using the multiple logistic regression and expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI). The results showed that age, sex, obesity, waist circumference, alcohol drinking and meat intakes were risk factors for hypertension. In contrast, cigarette smoking, exercise and the increased fish, fruit and vegetable (except Kimchi) consumption, blood lipid levels and FBG were not linked with the development of hypertension. Nutrient intakes were not associated with hypertension, either. In conclusion, we cannot assert that this study established the existence of the cause-and-effect relationship between nutrient intakes and risk of hypertension in the subjects, but it does suggest that this is a question worth investigating further using a larger scale of case-control study to determine how the past exposure to some nutrient or dietary component relates to the development of the disease.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1209-1216
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water-soluble sulfated ${\beta}$-glucan (SBG) obtained from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia on the antihyperlipidemic and serum lipid levels in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for two weeks to induce obesity. They were ten divided into five groups-normal control diet group (NC), high-fat control diet group (HC), high-fat diet and 200 mg/kg of SBG group (HC-HSBG), high-fat diet and 20 mg/kg of SBG group (HC-LSBG), and high-fat diet and 20 mg/kg of lovastatin group (HC-Lov)-and fed one of five diets for two more weeks. Although food intake and final body weight after four weeks of SBG consumption were similar in the five experimental groups, food efficiency ratio was higher in the high-fat diet groups(2, 3, 4, and 5) than in the NC group. In evaluating the hematological parameters of the rats, the neutrophil and monocyte ratios were higher in the HC-HSBG, HC-LSBG, and HC-Lov groups than in the HC group. Serum lipid profiles were analyzed after a 12 hr fast at the end of the study. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly lower in the HC-HSBG and HC-LSBG groups than in the HC group. These results suggest that chemically engineered sulfated mushroom ${\beta}$-glucan (SBG) might contribute to lower cholesterol and lipid levels in blood.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.704-715
• /
• 2002

This study intended to compare dietary and snack habits of primary students in the schools providing and non-providing lunch to clarify the correlation between those conditions and the occurrence of dental caries. Furthermore, this study also focused on evaluating educational effects by providing children with nutritional education program. 1. As a result of dietary habit analysis, it was found that children from the school providing lunch were better in terms of breakfast regularity, eating speed. optimum amount of intake, and meal time regularity than those from the school non-providing lunch. In particular, it was noted that children from the school providing lunch took a little more meat, fish, seaweed and milk or dairy products than those from school non-providing lunch. Thus, it could be assumed hat children provided with lunch have more reasonable dietary habit than those without lunch program. In general, it was found that there was a slight positive change in children's dietary habit after nutritional instruction than before, suggesting that the nutritional education had effects on improving their dietary habit. 2. It was found that primary students often took snacks causing dental caries such as caramel, chocolate, sweets and biscuits, and children from the school providing lunch were more willing to reduce those snacks upon recognizing the causes of dental caries than those from the school non-providing lunch. For the children who chewed gum with physical cleansing effects, it was shown that the highest frequency wat twice or three times a week. Moreover, the ratio of children who took snacks following dinner which might affect their dental caries and the ratio of children who selected snacks because of TV commercial were both reduced after nutritional education. Also the consumption of detergent foods like vegetable, fruit, protein. seaweed. milk or dietary products after nutritional education was increased. 3. It was found that children from the school providing lunch took more often all food groups except for food group IV affecting dental caries than those from the school non-providing lunch. The average number of consuming foods which cause dental caries was 5.04 times per person a day, and most of those were rather taken by liquid than solid food. The average eating times of rinsing foods which kill the bacteria on the surface of teeth and prevent from dental caries, was 9.33 for a person a day, which was a little higher than recommended time. Exposed time for dental caries for a person a day was 100.9 min, of which liquid dental caries was 56.2 min and solid dental caries was 44.6 min, suggesting that liquid food had a high potential to cause dental caries.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.53 no.5
• /
• pp.503-517
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the yearly trend of milk consumption and the nutritional status of subjects aged 6-18 years using the 2007-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Methods: Milk and dairy products were classified into plain milk, flavored milk, and dairy products (ice cream, milkshakes, cheese, and yogurt, etc.). This study compared the milk and dairy products intakes, some nutrients intakes and percent of dietary reference intakes for Koreans in the milk intake and non-milk intake groups. Results: Plain milk intake decreased with year (male, p = 0.0199; female, p < 0.0001; elementary school, p = 0.0013; high school, p = 0.0061), whereas flavored milk and dairy products intake in these subjects increased with year. In all subjects, 49.9% of subjects did not drink milk at all. The intakes of energy, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin in the milk intake group were significantly higher than those in the non-milk intake group, even after adjusting for covariates (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of the prevalence of nutritional deficiency in the non-milk intake group was 3.2 times higher than that of the milk intake group (p < 0.001), even after adjusting for covariates. The odds ratio for the prevalence of excess intake of the energy/fat was not significant with milk intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of milk intake decreased every year in the subjects. Calcium deficiency and nutritional deficiency were very high in the non-milk intake group. Efforts should be made to improve the calcium status in children and adolescents by strengthening nutrition education about the importance of milk intake.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.437-444
• /
• 2009

Ultrasonography has been used as a basic examination of a medical check up for prevention and diagnostics of diseases. Even the person who has no particular subjective symptoms can have a variety of diseases. Especially fatty liver is found in many cases. In this study, we tested 3582 persons who are in between the ages of 15 to 81 and observed that 1390 persons had fatty liver while 2192 persons are normal. We classified the grade of fatty liver and compared their life styles with the results of liver function test and BMI. The results are as follows. Ratio of the subjects who had a fatty liver is 38.8%. Male and female ratio was 46.2% and 24.2%. On the correlation among the fatty liver, the body mass index and the body fat%, the average value of body mass index and body fat% were significantly higher in the group of the fatty liver than in those of the normal liver. The influence of the related factor and the correlation on the fatty liver was shown that it was more related with the order of age, body mass index, triglyceride, ALT, body fat%, sex, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and GGT. The result of the ultrasonography carried out for the purpose of regular health check up indicates that even the 38.8% of those who was diagnosed as normal condition could have the fatty liver and have possibility of other diseases. Therefore, if there are any troubles related to liver function and lipid through hematologic examination or when practicing follow-up study with ultrasonography concerning the correlation relation between the body fat% and dietary preference, alcohol consumption and exercise, the ultrasonography is definitely useful for prevention and treatment of diseases.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 2015

The amount of by-product from sulphur increases in domestic industrial facilities. However, the amount of its consumption is limited so that the amount of unused sulphur continues to increase. Therefore, in this study, the use sulfur polymer as the concrete surface protecting material was conducted. The compressive strength showed that as the substitution ratio of filler increased up to 40%, the compressive strength also increased. A high compressive strength was shown at the curing temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ (SS, FA) and $60^{\circ}C$ (OPC) according to the type of filler. The difference of compressive strength between air dry curing and water curing was insignificant so that there was no significant influence of moisture during curing process. The evaluation result of bond strength showed that the highest bond strength was shown at the air-dry condition of $40^{\circ}C$ regardless of type of filler. Bonding didn't occur properly during water curing in comparison to air dry curing. Also, in case of the specimen cured at $60^{\circ}C$, discoloration and hair cracks appeared due to the influence of temperature, and the highest bond strength was shown at the substitution ratio of 20% (SS, FA) and 30% (OPC) according to the type of filler. The releasing test result of harmful substance showed that no harmful substance was released, so there is no harmfulness in the surface protecting material using sulfur polymer. As a conclusion drawn in this study, it is most appropriate to substitute silica by approximately 20%, mix and cure at the air-dry condition of $40^{\circ}C$ in order to use sulfur polymer as the surface protecting material.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.257-290
• /
• 2005

Korean energy use in industrial sector has increased more rapidly than other sectors during 1980~2000 periods. Relatively higher increases in industrial sector energy consumption raise questions whether government policy of rationalization of industrial energy use has been effective. In this study, we use 80-85-90 and 90-95-00 constant price input-output table to analyze increases in industrial energy use. Using an adjusted version of structural decomposition model introduced by Chen and Rose (1990), we decompose Changes of energy use into 17 elements. We classify entire industry sector into 32 sectors including four energy sectors (coal and coal products, refined petroleum, electricity and town gas). We then analyze changes of energy use by industrial level to check differences among industrial energy demand structures. Finally, we compare three industries, electronic product manufacturing, metal manufacturing and construction, that represent technology and capital intensive, energy and material intensive and labor and capital intensive industry. As results, we find that high energy using industries make the most effort to reduce energy use. Primary metal, petrochemical and mon-metal industries show improvements in elements such as energy and material productivity, energy and material imports, energy substitution and material substitutions towards energy saving. These results imply that although those industries are heavy users of energy, they put the best effort to reduce energy use relative to other industries. We find various patterns of change in industrial energy use at industrial level. To reduce energy use, electronic product manufacturing industry needs more effort to improve technological change element while construction industry needs more effort to improve material input structure element.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.168-177
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical features and risk factors of invasive infections caused by Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., components of commercially available probiotics. Methods: We analyzed demographic and clinical data from children ${\leq}18$ years of age with an invasive infection caused by Lactobacillus spp. or Saccharomyces spp. at the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital from January 1998 to June 2016. Probiotic consumption data were also analyzed. Results: During the study period, a total of 24 episodes of invasive infections were caused by Lactobacillus spp. (n=16) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (n=8). Along with the increase of probiotic use (755,594 [days/1,000 patient-admission days] in 2001 to 2005, 1,444,066 in 2006 to 2010, and 6,904,736 in 2011 to 2016), the incidence of probiotic-associated invasive infection increased ($R^2=0.70$). The median age of the patients was 1.8 years (range, 2 months to 17 years), and most of them had underlying medical conditions. The 30-day mortality rate was 20.8% (5/24), and 11 (45.8%) of these patients resulted from a severe invasive infection. We determined the risk factors for invasive infection to be: previous intensive care unit stay (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.1] and the presence of a central venous catheter (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3). Conclusions: Although the probiotic-associated invasive infections rarely occurred in children, the incidence has increased along with probiotic pressure. Judicious use of probiotics is mandatory, especially in young children with underlying medical conditions and continuous surveillance will be needed to minimize the safety concerns.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2009

Epidemiological studies showed that high trans-fat consumption is closely associated with getting the risks of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to produce trans-free fat through lipase-catalyzed interesterification, as a substitute for the cream margarine commonly used in industry. Optimum conditions for interesterification in a packed bed enzyme bioreactor (PBEB) were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design. Three kinds of reaction variables were chosen, such as substrate flow rate (0.4-1.2 mL/min), reaction temperature (60-70$^{\circ}C$), and ratio of fully hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO, 35-45%) to evaluate their effects on the degree of interesterification. Optimum conditions from the standpoint of solid fat content (SFC) were found to be as follows: 0.4 mL/min flow rate, 64.7$^{\circ}C$ reaction temperate, and 42.8% (w/w) ratio of FHCO, respectively. The half-life of immobilized lipase in PBEB with two stages at 60$^{\circ}C$ ($1^{st}$ stage) and 55$^{\circ}C$ ($2^{nd}$ stage) was about more than 30 days as estimated by extrapolating the incubation time course of tristearoyl glycerol (TS) conversion, whereas the half-life of the enzyme in PBEB with single stage at 65$^{\circ}C$ was only about 15 days. Finally, the results from SFC analysis suggest that trans-free fat produced in this study seems to be a suitable substitute for the cream margarine commonly used in industry.