• Title/Summary/Keyword: consolidation process

Search Result 333, Processing Time 0.026 seconds

Deterioration Assessment and Structural‐Reinforcement of Stone Lantern of the Four Guardian Kings in Beopjusa Temple, Boeun (보은 법주사 사천왕석등의 비파괴 훼손도 평가 및 구조보강)

  • Choie, Myoungju;Lee, Myeong Seong;Jun, Yu Gun;Lee, Mi Hye;Kim, Yuri;Ha, Jun Kyeong
    • Journal of Conservation Science
    • /
    • v.33 no.1
    • /
    • pp.25-33
    • /
    • 2017
  • The stone lantern of the four guardian kings in the Beopjusa temple at Boeun was mainly made of biotite granodiorite consisting of porphyritic-textured potassium feldspar and included in ilmenite series. A base stone made of alkali granite was buried, after founded its place during an earlier restoration process. Cracking and break out are noticeable on this object. In addition, discoloration, salt crusting, and epiphytes were observed. The lantern was vulnerable in terms of physical and structural stability caused by cracking in the front and back of the light chamber and in the non-horizontal direction. According to the conservational condition of the stone lantern, structural reinforcement was carried out based on calculations, including those on the position, size, and anchor length of the titanium stiffener. Chemical and biological pollutants were washed off without damage to the surface of the stone material. Oxygenated iron pieces were replaced with titanium. Ethyl silicate was applied to the surface of the lantern for consolidation and smooth drainage.

Features of Arbitration Rules of Chine se Arbitration Center Across the Straits and Implications of the Establishment of Arbitration Rules of South-North Commercial Arbitration Commission (중국 해협양안 중재센터(海峽兩岸仲裁中心) 중재규칙의 특징과 남북상사중재위원회 중재규칙 제정의 시사점)

  • Yang, Hyo-Ryoung
    • Journal of Arbitration Studies
    • /
    • v.28 no.2
    • /
    • pp.111-135
    • /
    • 2018
  • As the disputes in the investment and civil/commercial sectors of China and Taiwan have increased due to active cross-strait economic exchanges, the Chinese government is addressing cross-strait disputes through various dispute resolution methods. In recent years, the Arbitration Center Across the Straits (ACAS) has been established to resolve disputes between cross-strait parties, while ACAS Arbitration Rules have been enacted and enforced. ACAS Arbitration Rules are prepared by referring to the Arbitration Act of China and Taiwan, the relevant provisions and practices of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) Arbitration Rules and the cross-strait practical affairs of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, and the cross-strait practical affairs giving consideration to the specificity of the cross-strait relationship and the characteristics of economic and trade disputes. Therefore, this paper has compared the features and main contents of the ACAS Arbitration Rules with those of the CIETAC Arbitration Rules. This refers to arbitration proceedings such as form and effect of arbitration agreement, decision of place of arbitration, and organization of arbitral tribunal; the provision of consolidation of multiple contracts and arbitration, and the provision of joinder of arbitration parties, which are implementing the "principle of party autonomy" with streamlining arbitration proceedings and reducing costs; "common, simple, and small sum arbitration proceedings which require shorter arbitration proceedings depending on the size of the arbitration object; and regulations on the "interconnection of mediation and conciliation" which is characteristic of China's arbitration system. Based on the above-mentioned main contents of the ACAS Arbitration Rules in China, there are some implications to be considered in the establishment of the Arbitration Rules of the South-North Commercial Arbitration Commission which will be applied to solve commercial and investment disputes arising from the Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation process, suggesting implications such as the need for the rapid composition and operation of the South-North Commercial Arbitration Commission, requirements for selecting arbitrators, expansion of the object of arbitration, specification of concreteness in deciding the place of arbitration, need to create a variety of arbitration proceedings, and application plan of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) or Third Power Arbitration Agency.

Ring Shear Characteristics of Two Different Soils (이질 재료 간의 링 전단특성 연구)

  • Park, Sung-Sik;Jeong, Sueng-Won;Yoon, Jun-Han;Chae, Byung-Gon
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
    • /
    • v.29 no.5
    • /
    • pp.39-52
    • /
    • 2013
  • The shear stress characteristics of landslide materials can be affected by various factors. We examined the shear stress characteristics of two different soils using ring-shear apparatus, in which saturation-consolidation-shearing speed can be easily controlled. This paper presents (i) shear stress-time characteristics, (ii) shear stress depending on normal stress and shear speed and (iii) shear stress as a function of shearing speed. Materials used in this paper were the Nakdong River sand and muds taken from Jinhae coastal area in Korea. Samples were prepared in three types: Sand (upper)-Sand (lower), Clay (upper)-Clay (lower) and Sand (upper)-Clay (lower). The upper and lower indicate the samples placed in upper and lower ring shear boxes, respectively. For given normal stresses (50 and 100 kPa) and shearing speed (0.1 mm/sec), we performed ring shear tests. Then the failure lines were determined in the second test. Last, we determined the shear stress characteristics depending on different shearing speeds, such as 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mm/sec. As a result, we found that shear stress characteristics are strongly dependent on above three factors. The shear stress of Sand (upper)-Clay (lower) is smaller than that of Sand (upper)-Sand (lower), but slightly larger than that of Clay (upper)-Clay (lower). The shear stress is also characterized by grain crushing and wetting process at slip surface.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Unfair Trading Prevention Acts in Construction Industry (건설공사 불공정거래 방지제도 실효성 평가 및 개선방안)

  • Kim, Sung-Il;Cho, Jung-Hee;Chang, Chul-Ki
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
    • /
    • v.19 no.1
    • /
    • pp.65-73
    • /
    • 2018
  • Since unfair trading practices between participants in construction project are common, the government has enforced several policies and systems to prevent or minimize the unfair trading practices in construction industry. However, not much attention has been paid to figure out which policies or acts are working or not. This paper analyzed the effectiveness of the policies and acts which are being implemented to prevent unfair trading practices and provided several suggestions to improve the performance of those acts. Survey was conducted to industry experts to collect data regarding their perceptions on those policies and acts. Then the effectiveness of the policies and acts were analyzed in terms of their importance and performance through IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) based on the survey result. It was found through IPA that execution related acts such as investigation, exposure, and punishment for unfair trading practice have shown low effectiveness in entire construction process and dispute arbitration and mediation related center operated by authority showed low performance too. To improve the effectiveness of those acts, dispute arbitration system improvement, investigation & reporting system consolidation and enhancement practical binding force of punishment and penalty were suggested. Most of all, rules and culture for fair trading should become more established in construction industry by preventing conflict among participants through active communication.

A Study on the Long-term Settlement Characteristics of Thick Clay Deposits Using Field Monitoring (대심도 연약지반의 현장계측을 이용한 장기침하거동특성 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Kwon, Hyun-Wook;Im, Jong-Chul;Chang, Ji-Gun;Kang, Sang-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
    • /
    • v.17 no.4
    • /
    • pp.21-28
    • /
    • 2018
  • Despite a number of studies on consolidation behavior that have been carried out in the Nakdong River estuary in Busan, these are focused on the prediction of final settlement during ground improvement process, and there is almost no research on the long-term settlement occurring after that. For the practical study on the long-term settlement, the field monitored settlement data that measured over 10 years in the Busan new port facilities area were used, and the final settlement and predicted time-settlement line were constituted by hyperbolic function. As a result, the measured settlements depend on the thickness of clayey soils, and the pattern were similar to each other and good agreement with the predicted time-settlement line using hyperbolic method. Also, the settlement in the lower non-improved layer occupied 62-76% of total settlement. Information about above results would be quite helpful to understand the long-term settlement behaviors as well as the non-improved layer's settlement is more careful consideration needed at design phase.

Change in Mineralogical Characteristics of the Laminated Diatomaceous Siliceous Mudstone by the Treatment of Consolidants (엽층리가 발달된 규조토성 규질이암의 강화제에 의한 광물학적 특성변화)

  • Do, Jin Young
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
    • /
    • v.35 no.1
    • /
    • pp.51-64
    • /
    • 2022
  • For effective preservation of the rocks, which bearing plant fossils at Gumkwangdong Formation, Pohang, the properties of rock and treatment of chemicals were examined in an artificial weathering test. The rocks are diatomaceous siliceous mudstone, which contain a small amount of smectite and has developed laminated layers. The rocks react with water, the d001 spacing of smectite was increased. On the one hand, the physical properties of the rock samples, such as surface hardness, improved after the application of ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener. On the other hand, the spacing of interlayer of swelling clay minerals decreased and spacing of laminae layer increased. When the ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener was applied after pretreatment with a swelling inhibitor, interlayer and spacing of laminae changes were similar to those when only the stone strengthener was treated. The effect of the swelling inhibitor was almost negligible. When the rocks that have been conserved with chemicals react with water, spacing of laminae has widened much, whereas when the rocks was in contact with moisture only, there was little change. In addition, if it is placed in the outdoor after conservation treatment, although it occurs slightly slower than the untreated rock, the separation of the lamination layer and the pulverization of the rock occur within a very short time. Consolidation is required to improve the physical properties of fossil rock, but when exposed to rain and undergoing freeze-thaw process, the effect is lost very quickly. Therefore, regardless of the chemical treatment, it is a priority to prevent direct rainfall contact with the rock.

A study on the relationship between selective exposure, opinion change, and political participation in a digital news distribution environment (개인과 미디어의 선택성이 강화된 디지털 뉴스 유통 환경에서 선택적 노출과 의견변화, 정치참여의 관계 연구)

  • Jihee Shin;Seungchan Yang
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
    • /
    • v.10 no.2
    • /
    • pp.391-406
    • /
    • 2024
  • The current distribution of digital news has the potential to produce politically biased information for users as a result of individual choices and media selection based on those choices. Consequently, this research explored the factors affecting individual news selection and the effects of opinion changes and political participation that can occur when news tailored to users' partisan preferences is recommended. The phenomenon of selective exposure has been shown to be stronger when individuals utilize more limited information processing, experience higher discussion efficacy among groups with similar political beliefs. Furthermore, When a selective exposure group was randomly provided with a one-way message news that matched their partisan leanings, it was found that opinion consolidation, opinion-reinforcing information processing, and online political participation. On the other hand, when they were randomly presented with two-way messaging news in which the media balanced two competing partisan positions, they were found to be more likely to understand the other side's views and arguments, and more willing to adjust their existing opinions. We are confirmed that the balanced use of various opinions is very important in deliberative democratic process.

Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • autumn
    • /
    • pp.63-65
    • /
    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

  • PDF

A Theory on the Scope of Financial Activity (금융(金融)의 전업(專業) 및 겸업화(兼業化) 이론(理論): 금융산업조직론(金融産業組織論)의 모색(摸索))

  • Jwa, Sung-hee
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
    • /
    • v.13 no.1
    • /
    • pp.167-197
    • /
    • 1991
  • This paper is intended as an introductory essay to explain endogenous changes in the scope of firm activities in the competitive structure of a deregulated, multi-product financial industry. Recently, the global financial industry has been experiencing a widespread reshuffling in its activities, reflecting both consolidation and specialization. The spread of the universal banking system, which involves the integration of various kinds of financial activities, has resulted in the so-called financial supermarket. At the same time, the traditional set of banking activities has been unbundled into so-called financial boutiques. A relevant question is where the current reshuffling process of integration and disintegration in financial activities might lead the financial industry. However, presently popular theories of the financial industry are not really appropriate for the analysis of this issue. This paper attempts to integrate the theory of specialization [George J. Stigler, "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. LIX, No.3, June 1951] and the theory of the multi-product firm [William J. Baumol, John C. Panzar, and Robert D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1982] and to apply the resulting hybrid theory, a theory on the scope of financial activity, to the financial industry. The implications of this theory for the issues raised above are formalized under five hypotheses on the reshuffling of financial activities as listed below: Hypothesis I: The differences in the organization of financial industries among countries are determined by differences in the size of the financial markets, other things being equal. Hypothesis II: A financial firm will separate those financial activities simultaneously having relatively strong economies of scale and relatively weak economies of scope (alternatively, diseconomies of scope) from other activities. Conversely, the firm will integrate those activities simultaneously having relatively weak economies of scale (alternatively, diseconomies of scale) and relatively strong economies of scope with incumbent activities. Hypothesis III: A competitive equilibrium in the deregulated financial industry will consist of both specialized and multi-product financial firms, resulting in a mixed form of specialized and universal banking systems. Hypothesis IV: As world financial markets fully integrate and all countries consequently face this single, common world market, the financial structures of individual countries will become increasingly similar. Hypothesis V: A more universal banking system will dominate the deregulated financial industry in countries with relatively small financial markets, while a more specialized banking system will dominate in countries with relatively large financial markets. However, equilibrium will ultimately be mixed, with specialized and universal banks coexisting, as stated in Hypothesis III. Based on these hypotheses, this paper interprets the historical development of specialized vs. universal banking systems in major industrial countries as a process driven by the evolution of the financial market in each country - i.e. the change in the size of the financial market over time. In addition, this paper anticipates that the final equilibrium of the world financial industry, which is currently under the pressure of financial innovations and deregulation, will be a mixed equilibrium with both specialized boutiques and universal supermarket-type financial firms, instead of an exclusively specialized or universal banking system. Future research should seek continued theoretical elaboration and empirical verification of this paper's hypotheses.

  • PDF

Stabilization/Solidification of Radioactive LiCl-KCl Waste Salt by Using SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5 (SAP) Inorganic Composite: Part 2. The Effect of SAP Composition on Stabilization/Solidification (SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5 (SAP) 무기복합체를 이용한 LiCl-KCl 방사성 폐기물의 안정화/고형화: Part 2. SAP조성에 따른 안정화/고형화특성 변화)

  • Ahn, Soo-Na;Park, Hwan-Seo;Cho, In-Hak;Kim, In-Tae;Cho, Yong-Zun
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
    • /
    • v.10 no.1
    • /
    • pp.27-36
    • /
    • 2012
  • Metal chloride waste is generated as a main waste streams in a series of electrolytic processes of a pyrochemical process. Different from carbonate or nitrate salt, metal chloride is not decomposed into oxide and chlorine but it is just vaporized. Also, it has low compatibility with conventional silicate glasses. Our research group adapted the dechlorination approach for the immobilization of waste salt. In this study, the composition of SAP ($SiO_2-Al_2O_3-P_2O_5$) was adjusted to enhance the reactivity and to simplify the solidification process as a subsequent research. The addition of $Fe_2O_3$ into the basic SAP decreased the SAP/Salt ratio in weight from 3 for SAP 1071 to 2.25 for M-SAP( Fe=0.1). The experimental results indicated that the addition of $Fe_2O_3$ increased the reactivity of M-SAP with LiCl-KCl but the reactivity gradually decreased above Fe=0.1. Also, introducing $B_2O_3$ into M-SAP requires no glass binder for the consolidation of reaction products. U-SAP ($SiO_2-Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3-P_2O_5-B_2O_3$) could effectively dechlorinate the LiCl-KCl waste and its reaction product could be consolidated as a monolithic form without a glass binder. The leaching test result indicated that U-SAP 1071 was more durable than other SAPs wasteform. By using U-SAP, 1 g of waste salt could generated 3~4 g of wasteform for final disposal. The final volume would be about 3~4 times lower than the glass-bonded sodalite. From these results, it could be concluded that the dechlorination approach using U-SAP would be one of prospective methods to manage the volatile waste salt.