• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2021

Background: In 2020, a categorized list of wetland preferences, major habitats, and life forms of 4145 vascular plant taxa occurring in the Korean Peninsula was published by the National Institute of Biological Resources. We analyzed the list and explored the distribution patterns of the five categorized groups according to wetland preference, along with the information on the major habitats and the life forms of the plants belonging to those categories. Results: Out of 4145 taxa, we found that 729 wetland plant taxa (18%) occur in Korea: 401 obligate wetland plants and 328 facultative wetland plants. Among the 729 wetland taxa, the majority (73%) was hygrophytes and the remaining 27% was aquatic macrophytes. Furthermore, almost all of the wetland taxa are herbs; so, woody plants are only 4.7%. The 16 carnivorous taxa distributed in Korea were characterized as obligate wetland plants. Conclusions: We expect the categorized information would promote understanding of the characteristics of the plant species and would be an important source for understanding, conservation, and restoration of wetland ecosystems.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is correct the scientific name of Aquilariae Lignum in Korean Herbal Pharmacoepia. Methods : The production areas of Aquilariae Lignum and its trading status with China in Chinese history, Sanscrit-Chinese Translation Sutra, Naming year and the discovered district in main Aquilaria spp., Several nation's Pharmacoepia, The Plant List(TPL), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and flora(CITES) and The International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) were cross-checked. Results : The records in the Jiaozhouyiwuzhi written in the early 2nd century said that Aquilariae Lignum was produced in Vietnam. NanfangCaomuZhuang written in 304 said that Agarwood in Vietnam had white flowers. Vietnam had led production and trading of Aquilariae Lignum until Qing Dynasty. Aquilariae Lignum from Malaysia and Indonesia was not traded with China. In Sanscrit-Chinese Translation Sutra, India Aquilariae Lignum was translated as Vietnam Aquilariae Lignum. Aquilaria malaccensis was discovered from Malay-Peninsular in 1783, and has green or dirty yellow flowers. A. agallocha from North-Eastern India in 1814, white flowers. A. crasssna from Vietnam in 1914, white flowers. A. crassna is different from A. malaccensis in several ways, such as flower, fruit, seed and disribution. In several Nation's Pharmacoepia, A. crassna was a synonym of A. agallocha. But in TPL, CITES and IUCN, A. malaccensis was an accepted name, and A. agallocha was a synonym of A. malaccensis. Conclusions : These results show that the original species of Aquilariae Lignum in Korea Herbal Pharmacoepia should be reversed from A. agallocha to A. crassna Pierre ex Lacomte.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.204-217
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• 2022

Background: Increasing land demands for food production have led to biodiversity loss and land degradation in the Madhupur Sal forest. Reforestation activities such as agroforestry and woodlot plantation support the conservation of diversity, restoration of forest and prevention of soil erosion in degraded natural Sal forest. Knowing about these reforestation activities, this study is needed to compare the species composition, richness, and soil nutrients of these two plantation activities to the natural Sal forest in the degraded Madhupur Sal forest in Bangladesh. Results: The analysis showed that in between the reforestation activities, the highest Shannon-Wiener index (1.79), evenness (0.60) and Simpson's index (0.79) were found in the agroforestry site compared to the woodlot plantation site. On the contrary, the highest species richness (n = 14), tree basal area (19.56 m² ha^-1), Margalef's index (1.96) were recorded in woodlot plantation than in the agroforestry site. We observed that at 0-15 cm depth, soil organic matter (2.39%), total nitrogen (0.14%), available phosphorous (62.67 ㎍ g^-1) and exchangeable potassium (0.36 meq/100 g) in agroforestry plots were significantly higher compared to other forest sites. At topsoil (15-30 cm depth), soil organic matter (1.67%) and available phosphorous (21.09 ㎍ g^-1) were found to be higher in agroforestry site. Conclusions: Both reforestation approaches improved soil function, although woodlot plantation had the higher species richness. Therefore, plantation activities by the sustainable implementation of these two practices are the best alternative to restore the biodiversity, richness and conserve soil fertility in the Madhupur Sal forest of Bangladesh.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.278-280
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• 2012

We are propose the position of the node context-awareness information and the validity of the head node in the path according to the clustering how to elect one of the energy efficiency ECOPS (Energy Conserving Optimal path Schedule) algorithm. Existing LEACH algorithm to elect the head node when the node's energy probability distribution function based on the management of the head node is optional cycle. However, in this case, the distance of the relay node status information including context-awareness parameters does not reflect. These factors are not suitable for the relay node or nodes are included in the probability distribution, if the head node selects occurs. In particular, to solve the problems from the LEACH-based hierarchical clustering algorithms, this study defines location with the status context information and the residual energy factor in choosing topology of the structure adjacent nodes. ECOPS algorithm that contextual information is contributed for head node selection in topology protocols. The proposed ECOPS algorithm has the head node replacement situations from the candidate head node in the optimal path and efficient energy conservation that is the path of the member nodes. The new head node election show as the entire node lifetime and network management technique improving the network lifetime and efficient management the simulation results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.626-634
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• 2005

The objectives of this study was to assess pollution level and contamination status on tailings and soil in the vicinity of four disused metal mines in Kangwon province. As the result of total metal concentrations analysis, the pollution degree of tailings and soil decreased in the order of Wondong > Second Yeonhwa > Sinyemi ${\fallingdotseq}$ Sangdong mines. Total metal concentrations of mine tailings in this study were $1.2{\sim}78.2$ and $1.1{\sim}80.6$ times higher than those in the background soil and the tolerable levels suggested by Kloke, respectively. From these results, we found that tailings served as contamination source of nearby soil. According to sequential extraction of metals, large proportion of heavy metals in all mine tailings existed in the form of a residual fraction, and heavy metals in non-residual form was mainly associated with Fe-Mn oxide fraction and sulfidic-organic fraction. Fe-Mn oxide fraction and sulfidic-organic fraction of heavy metals may be released into and contaminated the nearby environment under the oxidation or reduction condition in long-term. In particular, the proportions of the exchangeable and carbonate fraction of Cd in mine tailings from Second Yeonhwa mine were relatively high. This suggests that Cd may be easily released into and contaminated the nearby environment in the near time. Concentrations of heavy metals in mine tailings and the nearby soil exceeded the standard (agricultural area) of Soil Environment Conservation Law. So it was thought that remediation for mine tailings and the nearby soil is needed. The pollution indices of the samples in this study were for higher than 1.0 and the pollution degree was very serious. Priority remediation site for these mines was Wondong. As Results of danger indices, it was showed that exchangeable form in Wondong and Fe-Mn oxide form in the rest mines should be removed preferentially.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4685-4690
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between cosmetic outcome (CO), body image, and quality of life in post breast-conserving therapy (BCT) women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study concerned one-year post-completed BCT Thai women. The data included subjective and objective CO with a questionnaire covering demographic and clinical data, anti-hormonal treatment status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, Self-Reported Cosmetic Outcomes (SRCO), Self-Reported Breast Symmetry (SRBS), Body Image Scale (BIS), and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy with Breast Cancer subscale (FACT-B). Participants had breast photographs taken for the evaluation of objective cosmetic outcome (OCO) after breast cancer conservation treatment. The relationship between CO and FACT-B was tested using Spearman's rank correlation Results: A total 127 participants volunteered for the study. The participant characteristics were age 52(${\pm}9$), Buddhist 87%, married 65%, body mass index 25.0(${\pm}4.6$), breast cup size A-C 91%, college educated 60%, employed 66%, ECOG 0-1 95%, tumor size less than or equal to 2 cm 55%, no lymph node metastasis 98%, and taking tamoxifen 57%. Two percent of the participants regretted their decision to undergo BCT. The SRCO was excellent in 2%, good in 68%, fair in 30%, and poor in 0%. For SRBS, rates were 17%, 58%, 24% and 1% for excellent, good, fair and poor cosmetic outcomes, respectively. The BCCT scores were excellent 24%, good 39%, fair 32%, and poor 6%. The median total QOL score of the participants was 130 (93-144). There was no significant correlation between CO and FACT-B scores. Conclusions: The significance of CO for FACT-B in Thai women with breast cancer could not be assessed in detail because of a very low level of correlation. The results may be due to the effects of cultural background.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2015

Social demand for ecological engineering and technology has increased in tandem with national economic growth in order to improve the environmental capacity of civil infrastructures. To meet this demand, the Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering (KSEIE) was established in January 2013 and has contributed to the development of ecological engineering technologies. However, the establishment of an educational system for human resources training in ecological engineering is still at an early stage, and it is imperative to develop a curriculum for producing the human resources that can understand and apply ecological principles and functions and that is equipped with the abilities required for ecological conservation, restoration, and creation. As part effort, the KSEIE held a forum, entitled Founding the Education for Ecological Engineering, to discuss the establishment of the education system for ecological engineering in Korea. In this paper, based on the discussions and suggestions made during the forum, we analyzed the current status of ecological engineering education in various disciplines - civil and construction engineering, biology and environment, and landscape planning - in domestic universities, and attempted to seek possible solutions based on the cases of foreign universities. Generally, ecology and other application curricula are taught as fragmented subjects and fields in domestic universities. The development of new education strategies and systematic curricula for multidisciplinary education, ecological response to climate change, and the expansion of research fields is required.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2002

Near the Gapcheon, a new suburban city will be developed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, and a intracity highway will be constructed by Daejeon Metropolitan City. By these new plans, rapid disruption of environmental conditions near the Gapcheon will be anticipated. The new construction of the city and highway will raise a problem of environmental pollution and disruption of natural status of this area, and will have an adverse influence to environment of the Dunsan area and an industrial complex which are located at the downstream of the Gapcheon. This re-search was conducted on the Gapcheon area, Daejeon (Gasuwongyo to Wonchongyo) from August, 2001 to June, 2002 years. Microorganisms of Gapcheon are three forms, 17 varieties, 105 species, 58 geneva, 31 families, and totalled 125 taxa. And zooidal micro-organisms, one varieties, 16 species, 12 genera, eight families, and totalled 17 taxa. Hydrogen ion concentration of the stream is ranged from 7.10 to 9.98 with great variation, especially high below bridges of Gasuwongyo and Mannyeongyo. The clean water quality of the stream is still maintained very well due to dense distribution of diverse aqua-tic and swamp plants. Furthermore, species diversity of microorganisms in the stream does help to purify the quality of water, and to keep the health of the Gapcheon as natural. More environmentally controlled and continuous efforts to keep the Gapcheon in a natural status and to purify the quality of water should be made by Daejeon Metropolitan City Officials who ave now spending about 6G,5()0 million won for overall conservation plans of the stream (from 1999 to 2003 years).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2020

This study aims to elicit criteria regarding reassessment and designation of linear scenic sites henceforth. The results are as follows; First, based on the documents from the Cultural Properties Protection Committee of Korea, 23 out of 113 scenic sites in Korea were drawn, and their linear characteristics were categorized into four types including valleys, paths, rivers, and ridges. The linear scenic sites provide certain features in terms of sequence and direction, which results in the similar utilization among the sites which share the linear similarity. Second, the 23 sites mentioned above were intensely examined on the basis of six criteria for linear scenic sites through FGI, focus group interview. The criteria consist of six elements involving core resource(12), lot number(8), unclear(8), management path(5), ridge(4), basin(3). Third, the Cultural Heritage Administration has prioritized core resource since 2010, when designating a scenic site, whereas it tended to consider lot number as priority prior to 2010. It is thought that the authority gave consideration to issues related to private ownership of property in the scenic sites and the purpose of designation. Fourth, scenic sites are generally designated in accordance with the boundary of core resource, and in most cases, there are buffer zones alongside the core resource.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2015

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.