• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.391-420
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• 2011

Christina Rossetti's novella Maude displays Tractarian influences in terms of Holy Eucharist, Puseyism, and the doctrine of Reserve. Tractarianism is High Church revival movement of nineteenth century. In the story a teenage girl, Maude went through hard time receiving Holy Eucharist due to self-consciousness and internal guilt according to Puseyism. She felt guilty when she enjoyed worldly things and outward beauty. Due to guilt Maude refused to receive Holy Communion, which is complete connection to God. Her cousin, Agnes suggested that in refusing Holy Communion Maude is following her own will not God's will. Later Maude overcame Puseyite thought of self-hatred and reconciled with her identity as a poet and a woman. Maude oscillates between concealing and revealing, secrecy and truth, sincerity and affectation, and modesty and display. Her marvelous poetic talent makes people praise her but she withholds private feelings and attempts to divert attention from herself. Like Maude herself, the meaning of her poems is at times reserved and withheld. This tendency goes with the doctrine of Reserve in Tractarianism. The doctrine of Reserve utilizes indirect methods to reveal divine attributes because finite human being can not accept infinite God. The doctrine of Reserve sees to it that the expression will be veiled, indirect, subdued and self-effacing. Rossetti adapts a poetic method of Reserve when Maude has anxiety over 'display and poetry' and generates the reticence, secrecy, mystery, renunciation, modesty and detachment. According to Mary Arseneau, by veiling and expressing herself through symbols she can rise above the self and employ the phenomenal to suggest a noumenal reality. Thus the poetry becomes an expression of longing for the divine. The poem "Three Nuns" exemplifies Maude's maturity and gradual progress in the relationship with God. Rossetti suggests the vision full of hopes and promises of reuniting with God. In conclusion, in some sense, authoritative and conservative Tractarianism affects Rossetti both ways. On the one hand, it makes Rossetti abnegate herself and leads her to asceticism, on the other hand, it makes Rossetti express her faith in God and write amazing devotional poems such as "Three Nuns". A poem within the poem has three voices that are in perfect harmony. In the poem the first and second nun show hesitation to fully commit to God's will and the desire for the world prevents them from having heavenly joy. Third nun reveals spiritual maturity and sings new life in God where their hopes and joys begin. Rossetti expresses the procedure of spiritual growth through the poem "Three Nuns". For Rossetti, self-abnegation and self-expression both are involved in the doctrine of Reserve, Puseyism and Holy Communion.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.775-798
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• 2011

From Post-Modern Edo-language of Japan, it is possible to find expression formats related to current Tokyo language. However, in some cases, Tokyo language and Edo-language has the same format but different usage. One example is the ending portion of a sentence. This research investigates conclusive expressions of Edo-language in literary works excluding the usage of "ダ". Various formats of conclusive expressions appear in a conversation, and the usage is closely related to the speaker's sex, age, and social status. Also from the study, it was possible to see that the social relationship between a speaker and a listener and a conversation circumstance has an effect on the usage of conclusive expressions. In addition, usage does not conform to the current standard Japanese. 1. Currently "である(dearu)" format is seldom used in speaking, it is used with "だ" only in writing. The study found no case of "である(dearu)" in conclusive expressions but some use of "であろうて(dearoute) であらうな(dearouna)" "であったのう(deattanou) であったよ(deattayo)" only in old aged male. 2. "であります(dearimasu)" format is a typical Edo-language used by society-women (Japanese hostess who has a good education and an elegant speaking skills). This format was used once in "浮世風呂"(ukiyoburo) and 14 times in "梅?"(umegoyomi), but speakers were always a female. The reason for 14 occurrences in "梅?" is closely related to the fact that the main characters are society-women and genre is "人情本(ninjoubourn)" which is popular type of cultural literature (based on humanity and romance) in late Edo period. 3. "でござる" format is originally used as a respect-language but later changed to a polite language. The format is always used by male. It is a male language used by old aged people with a genteel manner such as a medical doctor, a retired man, or a funny-song writer. 4. "ございます(gozaimasu) ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" The study found the speaker's social status has a connection with the use of "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" format. Which is "ございます(gozaimasu)" format but instead of [ai], long vowel [eː] is used. "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" is more used by a female than a male and only used by young and mid-to-low class people. The format has a tough nuance and less elegant feel, therefore high class and/or educated ladies have a clear tendency to avoiding it

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between general characteristics and oral health behavior, oral health knowledge, and oral health literacy for adult workers. Methods: This study chose some adult workers located D City by convenience sampling method, and accepted those who understood the purpose of the study and agreed with a survey as subjects. The final study subjects were 297 except 24 with unsound questionnaires among a total of 321 questionnaires. The contents of a survey were demographic characteristics, oral health behavior, oral health knowledge, and oral literacy, and the survey was done by a self-administered questionnaire. Results: In the verbal oral health literacy distribution based on REALM standard of the subjects, a scale of 7-8, 45-60 points by score was the highest with 62.0%. In average monthly household income and oral health knowledge level of general characteristics, oral health literacy was statistically significant, and was statistically significant according to oral health literacy, monthly income of house hold, and marital status as well, and was statistically significant in oral health knowledge and oral health literacy level according to oral health behavior and in the oral health knowledge level depending on a regular checkup. And In experience existence and nonexistence of oral health education and understanding and misunderstanding of dentistry and dental health education, and main body of the decision of dental treatment, verbal oral health literacy of oral health knowledge and oral health literacy was significant. It can be seen that based on correlation among general characteristics, oral health knowledge level, verbal oral health literacy, and functional oral health literacy, there is a correlation among gender and education level, age and average monthly income, and age and marital status. Conclusions: This study presented the need for oral health literacy along with the oral health knowledge of oral health behavior affecting adult workers' oral health, and tried to establish the connection among them. Accordingly, it is thought that an improvement plan of oral health literacy for the prevention and promotion of adult workers' dental disease in the future.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.69-85
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• 2021

In the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, not only artificial intelligence, big data, robots, and biotechnology, but also cultural industries that require human creativity will lead. Among the cultural industries, the animation industry has high industrial utilization value due to its high connection with other industries. Among them, animation characters play the most important role as the subject leading the story of animation. In particular, the villain character not only serves as a medium for the main character to lead the story, but also captivates the audience with a different presence from the main character, adding to the fun and completeness of the animation. These characters consist of visual elements such as form and color, of which color is a tool that effectively conveys the character's personality and role to the audience, and is the first visual element to be considered in delicately describing the character's emotions and the relationship between characters. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the color of the villain character. To this end, we will select eight Disney animations to derive the characteristics of the villain character's color by analyzing the color, value, chroma, and color association of the colors used in the Disney villain character. As a result of the analysis, the colors mainly used by Disney to convey the villain's image were red (R) and Orange (YR), and there was no difference depending on the times or animation production methods. Second, the brightness of Disney villain characters appeared to be the same medium/famous regardless of the times and production methods, and the frequency of use of high brightness was very low. In terms of saturation, the frequency of use of high and low saturation was high. Third, blackish (Bk), Strong (S), dull (Dl), and deep (Dp) tones were mainly used for tones. In particular, in recent 3D animations than previously produced 2D animations, the use of low chroma and the high black mixing rate increased. Fourth, it can be seen that Disney uses color as a visual method to more clearly express the psychology of the villain character using color association. In conclusion, the color selection of animation characters should be carefully considered as a tool to convey the character's personality, role, and emotion beyond simply using color, and the color selection of characters using color associations and symbols strengthens the narrative structure. It is hoped that this study will help analyze and select the character color of animation.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2021

표고는 사극성의 교배계를 갖는 담자균의 일종으로, 표고의 교배형은 A와 B라 불리는 서로 독립된 두 유전자좌에 의해 결정된다. 이론적으로 하나의 이핵균주는 네 개의 서로 다른 교배형을 갖는 담자포자를 1:1:1:1의 비율로 만들 수 있다. 과거 연구 결과에 따르면, 표고 담자포자에서 교배형이 편향된 분리비로 나타남이 보고되었다. 하지만 이러한 결과들은 꺽쇠연결과 같은 형태학적 특성만을 기반으로 교배형을 결정했다는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 교배형의 편향된 분리비가 표고에서 일반적인 현상인지 보다 명확하게 알아보기 위해서 최근에 보고된 DNA 마커를 활용하여 세 가지 표고 품종들의 담자포자에 대한 교배형 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 교배형의 편향된 분리비가 과거 보고와 일치하게 균주 특이적인 특성임을 확인하였다. 분석한 세 품종 중 한 품종을 제외하고 나머지 두 품종에서 편향된 분리비가 관찰된 것이다. 다음으로는 각 담자포자 유래 단핵균사들의 생장 속도와 교배형의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과 표고 단핵균사의 생장 속도는 B 교배형과는 관계가 없고, A 교배형과 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 A 교배형 유전자좌에 존재하는 호메오도메인 전사인자 혹은 A 교배형 유전자좌와 연관된 유전자들이 단핵균사의 생장에 영향을 줄 것으로 보인다. 버섯 신품종 육성에서 교배형의 중요성을 고려할 때, 본 연구는 효율적인 신품종 육성 전략을 세우거나 단핵균사 생장 기작을 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제52호
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• pp.5-59
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• 2014

This paper investigates the development and aesthetics of Korean political theatre from its quickening period 1920s to democratization era 1990s. Political theatre before 90s developed an antithesis resistant movement toward Korean modern history that had been scattered with suppressing political circumstances such as colonial era and dictatorial government, the movement has powerful activity and social influences. Just like the 20 century political theatre had been quickened under the influence of Marxism at Russia and Germany in 1920s, Korea's political theatre began in socialism theatre movement form around the same time. Proletarian theatre groups had been founded in Japan and Korea, and developed into practical movement with organized connection. However, the political theatre movement in Japanese colonial era was an empty vessel makes great sound but not much accomplishments. Most performance had been canceled or disapproved by suppression or censorship of the Japanese Empire. The political theatre in liberation era was the left drama inherited from Proletarian theatre of the colonial era. Korean Theatre alliance took lead the theatrical world unfold activities based on theatre popularization theory such as 'culture activists' taking a jump up the line and 'independent theatre' peeping into production spot as well as the important event, Independence Movement Day Memorial tournament theatre. Since 1947, US army military government in Korea strongly oppressed the left performances to stop and theatrical movement was ended due to many left theatrical people defection to North Korea. The political theatre in 1960s to 70s the Park regime, developed in dramatically different ways according to orthodox group and group out of power. The political theatre of institutional system handled judgment on sterile people and had indirect political theatre from that took history material and allegory technique because of censorship. In political theatre out of institution, it started outdoor theatre that has modernized traditional performance style and established deep relationship with labor spot and culture movement organizations. Madangguek(Outdoor theatre) is 'Attentive political theatre', satirizing and offending the political and social inconsistencies such as the dictatorial government's oppression and unbalanced distribution, alienation of general people, and foreign powers' pillage sharply as well as laughing at the Establishment with negative characters. The political theatre in 1980s is divided into two categories; political theatre of institutional system and Madangguek. Institutional Political theatre mainly performed in Korea Theatre Festival and the theatre group 'Yeonwoo-Moudae' led political theatre as private theatre company. Madangguek developed into an outdoor theatrical for indoor theatre capturing postcolonial historical view. Yeonwoo-Moudae theatre company produced representative political plays at 80s such as The chronicles of Han's, Birds fly away too, and so on by combining freewheeling play spirit of Madangguek and epic theatre. Political theatre was all the rage since the age of democratization started in 1987 and political materials has been freed from ban. However, political theatre was slowly declined as real socialism was crumbling and postmodernism is becoming the spirit of the times. After 90s, there are no more plays of ideology and propaganda that aim at politicization of theatre. As the age rapidly entered into the age of deideology, political theatre discourse also changed greatly. The concept 'the political' became influential as a new political possibility that stands up to neoliberalism system in the evasion of politics. Rather than reenact political issues, it experiments new political theatre that involves something political by deconstructing and reassigning audience's political sense with provocative forms, staging others and drawing discussion about it.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

과학적 연구에서 핵심적인 연구 주제 또는 가설은 대부분 인과적 질문(causal question)을 포함한다. 예를 들어, 전염병 예방을 위한 치료법의 효과 연구, 특정 정책의 시행으로 인한 효용(utility)의 평가에 대한 연구, 특정 사용자를 대상으로 노출된 광고의 종류에 따른 광고의 효과성에 대한 연구는 모두 인과 관계(causal relationship)의 추론이 요구된다. 이러한 인과 관계를 다루는 통계적 인과 추론(statistical causal inference)의 주요 관심사 중 하나는 모집단에 일종의 개입(정책 혹은 처치)을 적용한 후 개입의 효과를 정확하게 추정하는 것이다. 인과 추론은 임상실험과 정책결정에서 주로 이용되었으나, 이른바 빅데이터 시대의 도래로 가용한 관측자료가 폭발적으로 증가하였고 이로 인하여 인과 추론에 대한 잠재적 응용가치와 수요가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 하지만 가용한 대부분의 자료는 임의실험 기반의 자료와 달리 개입이 임의로 분배되지 않은 비실험 관측자료이다. 따라서, 본 논문은 비실험 관측자료로부터 개입의 효과를 추정하기 위한 인과 추론의 핵심 개념과 최근의 연구동향을 소개하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본문에서는 먼저 개입의 효과를 Neyman-Rubin의 잠재 결과(potential outcome) 모형으로 나타내고, 개입의 효과를 추정하는 여러 접근법 중 특히 성향점수(propensity score) 기반 추정법과 회귀모형 기반 추정법을 중점적으로 소개한다. 최근 연구동향으로는 (1) 평균 효과 크기 추정을 넘어선 개인별 효과 크기의 추정, (2) 효과크기 추정에 있어서 자료 규모의 증대로 인한 차원의 저주가 야기하는 난제들과 이에 대한 해결방안들, (3) 복합적 인과관계를 반영하기 위한 Pearl의 구조적 인과 모형(structural causal model) 및 잠재 결과 모형과의 비교의 3가지 주제로 구분하여 소개한다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2019

본 연구는 소셜네트워크에서 SNS 광고에 대한 구전 제약요인의 개념과 측정도구 개발을 통하여 온라인 구전을 활성화하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이런 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 3단계의 연구를 수행하였다. 첫째, 문헌고찰과 정성적 조사방법을 통하여 구전 제약에 대한 개념과 범위에 대하여 탐색적 조사(표적 집단 면접과 심층면접, 전문가 면접)를 실시하였다. 둘째, 개발된 측정항목은 정제작업을 위해 설문 조사를 실시하여 측정문항에 대한 신뢰성과 타당성 검증을 하였다. 셋째, 개발된 측정문항과 다른 주요 구성개념과 관계를 살펴봄으로써 측정항목의 예측타당성을 검증하였다. 연구결과 6개의 구성요인과 이에 대한 총 23개의 측정문항이 도출되었으며, 각각 내재적 및 대인적 제약(심리적 민감성, 보상적 민감성, 타인평가 민감성), 구조적 제약(신뢰성, 정보성, 오락성)으로 명명하였다. 정성적 연구와 정량적 연구를 통해 구전 제약의 측정문항을 개발하였으며, SNS 성과 및 평가 측면에서 SNS 광고 구전의 제약요인으로 작용하고 있는 사회적, 심리적, 환경적인 방해 요인들을 구전 제약의 관점에서 통합적으로 살펴보았다. 본 연구를 통해 온라인 구전 제약에 대한 체계적이고 실증적인 연구수행을 위한 기본 틀과 효과적인 SNS 구전을 이끌어 낼 수 있을 것이다.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제35호
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• pp.203-227
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• 2017

본고에서는 근대로의 지향의식이 넘쳐났던 30년대에 대중적 인기가 높았던 멜로드라마 "사랑에 속고 돈에 울고"를 중심으로 이 작품에 나타난 모더니즘적 특성을 살펴보았다. 30년대 모더니즘과 희곡을 연결지어 고찰한 예는 지금까지 없었다. 당시의 대표적 희곡인 "사랑에 속고 돈에 울고"에 모더니즘 특성이 선명하게 내재되어 있다. "사랑에 속고 돈에 울고" 제목에서 '돈'은 모던한 요소를 드러낸다. '사랑'은 멜로드라마적 요소를 드러낸 것으로 볼 수 있다. 모던한 요소를 드러내는 배경인 근대 문물의 과시는 작품 전반에 퍼져 있고, 홍도는 광호와의 부부관계 뿐만 아니라 시댁과의 인간관계를 완성하는데 실패한다. 물질에 지배당하는 모습을 보여 줌으로써 모더니즘적 현상에 수긍하는 인물이 되었다. 근대 이전의 서사작품에서의 대표적인 갈등구성방식은 수평적이고 순차적이어서 기차역 형태였다고 할 수 있는 반면, 근대 이후의 즉 30년대부터의 서사 갈등구성 방식은 여러 개의 갈등을 동시적으로 형성하여 마치 거미줄 모양이라고 할 수 있다. "사랑에 속고 돈에 울고" 갈등구성이 다축의 다층으로 되어 있고 다양한 사건의 연쇄로 거미줄 모양의 방식을 취해 모더니즘적 형식을 취했다. "사랑에 속고 돈에 울고"에는 가치관의 변화를 주도하는 새로운 내용을 시도하여 도시적이고 서구적인 가치들이 이미 만연한 현실을 바라보는 일반인들의 두려움이 다시 내적 갈등으로 전이되는 요인으로 작용하였다.

• 한국교육학연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.117-142
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• 2017

본 연구는 노동자교육운동의 흐름 가운데에서 리처드 헨리 토니(Richard Henry Tawney, 1880~1962)의 성인교육사상을 조명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 노동자교육운동은 노동자교육에 대한 관점에 따라 크게 두 흐름으로 나누어질 수 있다. 즉 노동자교육을 자유교양교육의 일환으로 간주하는 입장과, 노동자교육을 사회변혁의 도구로 간주하는 입장으로 나누어지는 것이다. 교양교육의 중요성을 강조하는 전자의 입장은 영국의 대학확장 운동과 연계를 맺고 발전하여, 맨스브리지를 중심으로 조직된 '노동자교육협회'를 통해 실천적 영향을 미쳤다. 교육의 사회변혁 기능을 강조하는 후자의 입장은 '노동자대학전국협의회'를 중심으로 선전과 뚜렷이 구분되지 않는 형태의 교육을 실시했다. 토니는 이러한 두 가지 흐름을 종합한 성인 교육사상을 보여주고 있으며, 이는 민주적 방식을 통한 사회주의의 건설을 지향했던 그의 평등사상과 밀접한 연관을 맺고 있다. 토니는 기본적으로 성인교육이 자유교양교육에 토대를 두어야 한다고 보았다. 하지만 동시에 이런 성인교육이 사회주의의 건설에 기여할 수 있다고 생각했다. 즉 자유교양교육을 바탕으로, 세계에 대한 합리적 이해와 토론을 통해 사회변혁에 기여하는 노동자교육이 가능하다는 것이 토니의 성인교육사상이 지닌 특징이다. 이러한 토니의 성인교육사상은 진보적 사회변화를 염원하는 교육학자들과 교육자들에게 실천적 시사점을 주며, 이론적으로는 사회변혁과 교육의 관계에 대한 교육학적 연구를 풍부하게 해준다.