• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 1972

1. Objective of the Study The objective of the study was to make fundamental suggestions for drawing a forest insurance system applicable in Korea by investigating forest insurance systems undertaken in foreign countries, analyzing the forest hazards occurred in entire forests of Korea in the past, and hearing the opinions of people engaged in forestry. 2. Methods of the Study First, reference studies on insurance at large as well as on forest insurance were intensively made to draw the characteristics of forest insurance practiced in main forestry countries, Second, the investigations of forest hazards in Korea for the past ten years were made with the help of the Office of Forestry. Third, the questionnaires concerning forest insurance were prepared and delivered at random to 533 personnel who are working at different administrative offices of forestry, forest stations, forest cooperatives, colleges and universities, research institutes, and fire insurance companies. Fourth, fifty three representative forest owners in the area of three forest types (coniferous, hardwood, and mixed forest), a representative region in Kyonggi Province out of fourteen collective forest development programs in Korea, were directly interviewed with the writer. 3. Results of the Study The rate of response to the questionnaire was 74.40% as shown in the table 3, and the results of the questionaire were as follows: (% in the parenthes shows the rates of response; shortages in amount to 100% were due to the facts of excluding the rates of response of minor respondents). 1) Necessity of forest insurance The respondents expressed their opinions that forest insurance must be undertaken to assure forest financing (5.65%); for receiving the reimbursement of replanting costs in case of damages done (35.87%); and to protect silvicultural investments (46.74%). 2) Law of forest insurance Few respondents showed their views in favor of applying the general insurance regulations to forest insurance practice (9.35%), but the majority of respondents were in favor of passing a special forest insurance law in the light of forest characteristics (88.26%). 3) Sorts of institutes to undertake forest insurance A few respondents believed that insurance companies at large could take care of forest insurance (17.42%); forest owner's mutual associations would manage the forest insurance more effectively (23.53%); but the more than half of the respondents were in favor of establishing public or national forest insurance institutes (56.18%). 4) Kinds of risks to be undertaken in forest insurance It would be desirable that the risks to be undertaken in forest insurance be limited: To forest fire hazards only (23.38%); to forest fire hazards plus damages made by weather (14.32%); to forest fire hazards, weather damages, and insect damages (60.68%). 5) Objectives to be insured It was responded that the objectives to be included in forest insurance should be limited: (1) To artificial coniferous forest only (13.47%); (2) to both coniferous and broad-leaved artificial forests (23.74%); (3) but the more than half of the respondents showed their desire that all the forests regardless of species and the methods of establishment should be insured (61.64%). 6) Range of risks in age of trees to be included in forest insurance The opinions of the respondents showed that it might be enough to insure the trees less than ten years of age (15.23%); but it would be more desirous of taking up forest trees under twenty years of age (32.95%); nevertheless, a large number of respondents were in favor of underwriting all the forest trees less than fourty years of age (46.37%). 7) Term of a forest insurance contract Quite a few respondents favored a contract made on one year basis (31.74%), but the more than half of the respondents favored the contract made on five year bases (58.68%). 8) Limitation in a forest insurance contract The respondents indicated that it would be desirable in a forest insurance contract to exclude forests less than five hectars (20.78%), but more than half of the respondents expressed their opinions that forests above a minimum volume or number of trees per unit area should be included in a forest insurance contract regardless of the area of forest lands (63.77%). 9) Methods of contract Some responded that it would be good to let the forest owners choose their forests in making a forest insurance contract (32.13%); others inclined to think that it would be desirable to include all the forests that owners hold whenerver they decide to make a forest insurance contract (33.48%); the rest responded in favor of forcing the owners to buy insurance policy if they own the forests that were established with subsidy or own highly vauable growing stock (31.92%) 10) Rate of premium The responses were divided into three categories: (1) The rate of primium is to be decided according to the regional degree of risks(27.72%); (2) to be decided by taking consideration both regional degree of risks and insurable values(31.59%); (3) and to be decided according to the rate of risks for the entire country and the insurable values (39.55%). 11) Payment of Premium Although a few respondents wished to make a payment of premium at once for a short term forest insurance contract, and an annual payment for a long term contract (13.80%); the majority of the respondents wished to pay the premium annually regardless of the term of contract, by employing a high rate of premium on a short term contract, but a low rate on a long term contract (83.71%). 12) Institutes in charge of forest insurance business A few respondents showed their desire that forest insurance be taken care of at the government forest administrative offices (18.75%); others at insurance companies (35.76%); but the rest, the largest number of the respondents, favored forest associations in the county. They also wanted to pay a certain rate of premium to the forest associations that issue the insurance (44.22%). 13) Limitation on indemnity for damages done In limitation on indemnity for damages done, the respondents showed a quite different views. Some desired compesation to cover replanting costs when young stands suffered damages and to be paid at the rate of eighty percent to the losses received when matured timber stands suffered damages(29.70%); others desired to receive compensation of the actual total loss valued at present market prices (31.07%); but the rest responded in favor of compensation at the present value figured out by applying a certain rate of prolongation factors to the establishment costs(36.99%). 14) Raising of funds for forest insurance A few respondents hoped to raise the fund for forest insurance by setting aside certain amount of money from the indemnity paid (15.65%); others wished to raise the fund by levying new forest land taxes(33.79%); but the rest expressed their hope to raise the fund by reserving certain amount of money from the surplus money that was saved due to the non-risks (44.81%). 15) Causes of fires The main causes of forest fires 6gured out by the respondents experience turned out to be (1) an accidental fire, (2) cigarettes, (3) shifting cultivation. The reponses were coincided with the forest fire analysis made by the Office of Forestry. 16) Fire prevention The respondents suggested that the most important and practical three kinds of forest fire prevention measures would be (1) providing a fire-break, (2) keeping passers-by out during the drought seasons, (3) enlightenment through mass communication systems. 4. Suggestions The writer wishes to present some suggestions that seemed helpful in drawing up a forest insurance system by reviewing the findings in the questionaire analysis and the results of investigations on forest insurance undertaken in foreign countries. 1) A forest insurance system designed to compensate the loss figured out on the basis of replanting cost when young forest stands suffered damages, and to strengthen credit rating by relieving of risks of damages, must be put in practice as soon as possible with the enactment of a specifically drawn forest insurance law. And the committee of forest insurance should be organized to make a full study of forest insurance system. 2) Two kinds of forest insurance organizations furnishing forest insurance, publicly-owned insurance organizations and privately-owned, are desirable in order to handle forest risks properly. The privately-owned forest insurance organizations should take up forest fire insurance only, and the publicly-owned ought to write insurance for forest fires and insect damages. 3) The privately-owned organizations furnishing forest insurance are desired to take up all the forest stands older than twenty years; whereas, the publicly-owned should sell forest insurance on artificially planted stands younger than twenty years with emphasis on compensating replanting costs of forest stands when they suffer damages. 4) Small forest stands, less than one hectare holding volume or stocked at smaller than standard per unit area are not to be included in a forest insurance writing, and the minimum term of insuring should not be longer than one year in the privately-owned forest insurance organizations although insuring period could be extended more than one year; whereas, consecutive five year term of insurance periods should be set as a mimimum period of insuring forest in the publicly-owned forest insurance organizations. 5) The forest owners should be free in selecting their forests in insuring; whereas, forest owners of the stands that were established with subsidy should be required to insure their forests at publicly-owned forest insurance organizations. 6) Annual insurance premiums for both publicly-owned and privately-owned forest insurance organizations ought to be figured out in proportion to the amount of insurance in accordance with the degree of risks which are grouped into three categories on the basis of the rate of risks throughout the country. 7) Annual premium should be paid at the beginning of forest insurance contract, but reduction must be made if the insuring periods extend longer than a minimum period of forest insurance set by the law. 8) The compensation for damages, the reimbursement, should be figured out on the basis of the ratio between the amount of insurance and insurable value. In the publicly-owned forest insurance system, the standard amount of insurance should be set on the basis of establishment costs in order to prevent over-compensation. 9) Forest insurance business is to be taken care of at the window of insurance com pnies when forest owners buy the privately-owned forest insurance, but the business of writing the publicly-owned forest insurance should be done through the forest cooperatives and certain portions of the premium be reimbursed to the forest cooperatives. 10) Forest insurance funds ought to be reserved by levying a property tax on forest lands. 11) In order to prevent forest damages, the forest owners should be required to report forest hazards immediately to the forest insurance organizations and the latter should bear the responsibility of taking preventive measures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.54-68
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• 2000

This study was tried to calculate the stumpage value using GIS technique. Before calculating this price the feasible areas to cut were divided from all forests. The stumpage value per $m^3$ was calculated by the method of calculating back from the market price, according to the working volume of logging unit and clearing a felling area using GIS. The distribution of the stumpage value for the coniferous stands was estimated from minimum 10,000 won to maximum 50,000 won, and for the deciduous stands the stumpage value was distributed from minimum 20,000 won to maximum 40,000 won. The total estimated selling price for the cutting available area (197.3ha) among this study area(250ha) except the cutting limited area was about 1.13 billions won. And the estimated selling price for the korean white pine stands was about 650 millions won, occupied 57% among the total selling price, and for the deciduous stands showed 383 millions won, occupied 34% of the total price, and for the japanese larch was 9.69 millions won, occupied 9% of the total price. But the rigida pine stands showed only 1.22 millions won.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2001

This paper discusses applications of neural network to forest stand field data processing and determining suitable tree species for site-specific stand characteristics. For site-specific species selection, considered were 5 major coniferous species : P. densiflora for. erecta, L. leptolepis, P. koraiensis, P. densiflora, P. thunbergii. Among 1,320 sample plot data sets, 200 data sets with the highest site index (40 data sets for each species) were chosen as the test sets for investigation. Each data set includes 13 factors describing the site characteristics of the corresponding sample plot. The results of this investigation indicate high performance of neural network in data processing procedures for extracting data sets or measurement parameters without any recognizable pattern. These data sets or measurement parameters are those which have rare effect on site-specific species suitability or disturb pattern classification procedures of neural network because of unrecognizable patterns involved. Also the results have shown high potential of neural network in determining the best-suitable tree species for site characteristics. The % accuracy of the neural network model in determining the best-suitable tree species for site characteristics ranges from 77.6% to 91.8% associated with the combination of Site factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.246-255
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of wind damaged trees in the Hongneung Arboretumin Korea. Many trees in the Hongneung Arboretum were damaged by the 'Kompasu', the seventh typhoon in the year of 2010 having strong impacts on the central region of Korea. Damaged trees were divided into 3 damage types: windthrow, slanted and broken trees. Most of damaged trees (97.3%) were found at low slope (below 15 degree) or medium slope (15~20 degree). The 45.3% of damaged trees were coniferous and 54.7% were deciduous trees. The wind speed was recorded for the duration of the typhoon from 04:00 AM to 12:00 PM on September 2. The average wind speed and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside the forest were 1.4 m/sec and 3.5 m/sec, respectively. The highest peak of the average and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside of forest, 3.4 m/sec and 8.7 m/sec respectively, were recorded at 06:10 AM on September 2. To analyze relationship between wind characteristics and the damage types, the average wind speed and the frequency of wind wave was compared to those of pre-typhoon period (Feb. 13, Feb. 20, Apr. 21, Oct. 16, 2009 and Mar. 20, 2010). The results indicated that the damaged trees were affected by frequent wind wave rather than the wind speed itself. Also average wind direction inside the forest was analyzed to investigate the impact of wind direction on the damaged trees. The wind had mainly blown from SE and SW, and the maximum instantaneous wind direction was SE direction overall. Most of the damaged trees (84.0%) had fallen down to the NW or NE direction. This result showed that the fallen direction of the damaged trees and wind direction was highly related. Therefore, we found that the frequency of wind wave was the main factor of wind damages during the typhoon 'Kompasu' and wind direction was highly related to the fallen direction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2008

This study was performed to estimate non-$CO_2$ greenhouse gases (i.e., GHGs) emission from biomass burning at a local scale. Estimation of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission was conducted using Landsat TM satellite imagery in order to assess the damage degree in burnt area and its effect on non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission. This approach of estimation was based on the protocol of the 2003 IPCC Guidelines. In this study, we used one of the most severe fire cases occurred Samcheock in April, 2004. Landsat TM satellite imageries of pre- and post-fire were used 1) to calculate delta normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for analyzing burnt area and burn severity of the Samcheok large-fire and 2) to quantify non-$CO_2$ GHGs emission from different size of the burnt area and the damage degree. The analysis of dNBR of the Samcheok large-fire indicated that the total burnt area was 16,200ha and the size of the burnt area differed with the burn severity: out of the total burnt area, the burn severities of Low (dNBR < 152), Moderate (dNBR = 153-190), and High (dNBR = 191-255) were 35%, 33%, and 32%, respectively. It was estimated that the burnt areas of coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and mixed forest were about 11,506ha (77%), 453ha (3%), and 2,978ha (20%), respectively. The magnitude of non-$CO_2$ GHGs emissions from the Samcheok large-fire differed significantly, showing 93% of CO (44.100Gg), 6.4% of CH4 (3.053Gg), 0.5% of $NO_x$ (0.238Gg), and 0.1% of $N_2O$ (0.038Gg). Although there were little changes in the total burnt area by the burn severity, there were differences in the emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs with the degree of the burn severity. The maximum emission of non-$CO_2$ GHGs occurred in moderate burn severity, indicating 47% of the total emission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.472-489
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• 2023

This study was conducted to derive the optimal estimation equations for deriving the green and dry weights of Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) and Pinus rigida (Rigida pine), which are major coniferous tree species in South Korea. The equations were then used to develop weight tables. Table development began with the sampling of 150 L. kaempferi and 90 P. rigida trees distributed throughout the national scale, after which green weights were measured on-site. Samples from each stand were then collected, and their dry weights were measured in a laboratory. The equation used to calculate green and dry weights was divided into a one-variable formula that uses only the diameter at breast height (DBH) and a two-variable equation that employs DBH and height. The equations used to estimate the green and dry weights of logs were divided into one- and two-variable equations using DBH. Statistical data, such as the fitness index (FI), root mean square error, standard error of estimation, and residual diagram, were used to verify the suitability of the estimation equations. Applicability was examined by calculating weights using the derived optimal equations. The equation W = bD+cD² was used in measurements involving only DBH, whereas the equation W = aD^bH^c was employed in cases involving both diameter and height at breast height. The FI of W = bD+cD² was 0.91, while that of W = aD^bH^c was 0.95, both of which are high values. With these estimation formulas, weight tables for the green and dry weights of L. kaempferi and P. rigida were prepared and compared with weight tables created 20 years ago. The green and dry weight tables of both species were larger.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to find the basic application of Disporum genus in landscape-arc-hitectual space. Environment of native site (Daeducksan, Piseulsan) and growth characteristics of experiment plot were investigated and analyzed in this study. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the case of environment of native site, the relative light intensity was about 10% and distribution of species were primarily north slope. Gradient of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 10$^{\circ}$, 18$^{\circ}$ Soil textures was Lic both and field capacity of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 69%, 73.5%. The soil pH of Daeducksan and Piseulsan were 6.1 and 5.8. The both content of organic matter and C.E.C. were high markedly. The P2O5 content of Daeducksan showed high but total nitrogen showed nearly the same level when comparing with the common dry field condition. 2. In tree layer, Daeducksan composed of broadleaved forest of 80% involving Quercus variabilis, and Piseulsan composed of coniferous forest of 80% involving Pinus densiflora on the other hand. Daeducksan, therefore, was more appearance species than Piseulsan in herbaceous layer. 3. Result in ANOVA Test, significance followed with light intensity was recognized in plant height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf thick and No. of leaf, while in the case of soil was not. Plant height was longest in 1% and leaf width, leaf length was largest in 25%. Therefore ornamental value of leaf was the very best in 25%. 4. Result in correlation coefficient analysis, plant height was correlated leaf width, leaf length. The longer plant height, the smaller leaf width, leaf length. In relative light intensity of 1%, flower was hardly expected because of the more shade, the less flower. Disporum smilacinum is expected great use as ground covers in the shades of tall-building or hdavy woods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2002

This paper compares the difference between the village groves in the Jinan settlement region and the Hamyang settlment region in Honam and the Youngnam mountainous region. The results are as follows: Fifty-one village groves in the Jinan legion were found and 40 village groves were found in the Hamyang region. It was established that the village groves in the Jinan region of Honam province were conserved better than those of Hamyang region of Youngnam province. In the Jinan area, the village groves were principally found in the Jinan-eup and the Hamyang regions, primarily in Seosang-myun and Aneui-myun. So it was determined that the village groves were distributed inequitably in the two regions. In L / W ratio, the Jinan region is 3.6 and Hamyang region is 2.0 Jinan is 1.8 times greater than Hamyang. Therefore, it was concluded that Jinan is stronger than Hamyang in linear function of the village groves. Stone stooge for complementation function was found in 11 village groves in the Jinan region and 6 village groves in Hamyang. So the percentage of the remaining stone storage is 15-20 % of all village groves. Regarding grove makeup, the village gloves in Jinan region is deciduous forest principally. In contrast, the groves of Hamyang are principally coniferous forest. The dominant tree of the Jinan-gun region is Zelkova serrata, but in Hamyang it is Pinus densiflrora. By number, Hamyang region has two times the trees than Jinan region. In density of stand, the Hamyang region is 76.2% higher than Jinan region. In height and diameter of trees, the Jinan region is greater than the Hamyang region. It was identified that RSI of both region is 40%. So in density of trees, both region are sparse. This paper has a limit in ideiltiting the differences between Yolmg-nam ar\ulcorner Hnam village groves because comparative review only examined two regions.