• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the interfacial morphology between dentin and restorative materials. In this in vitro study, the cavity wall restorated with 3 different kinds of tooth colored restorative materials [resin-modified Glass Ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), composite resin (Z-100), compomer (Dyract)]. The thirty extracted human molar teeth without caries and/or restorations are used. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups of ten teeth each. In each group, Wedge shaped cavities (width: 3mm, length: 2mm, depth: 1.5mm) were prepared at the cementoenamel junction on buccal and lingual surfaces. The adhesive of composite resin were mixed with rhodamine B. Primer of composite resin, Prime & Bond 2.1 of Dyract and liquid of Fuji II LC were mixed with fluorescein. In group 1, the cavity wall was treatment with dentin conditioner, and then restorated with Fuji II LC. In group 2, the cavity wall was treatment with Prime & Bond 2.1 and then restorated with Dyract. In group 3, the cavity wall was etching with 10% maleic acid, applied with primer and bonding agent and then restorated with Z-100. The interface between dentin and restorative materials was observed by fluoresence imaging with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results were as follows : 1. In Glass ionomer group, adaptation of resin modified Glass-ionomer restoration against cavity wall is tight, but the crack formed inside of restoration were observed. 2. In Dyract group, the penetration of resin tag is shorter and the width of hybrid layer is narrower than composite resin group. 3. In Z-100 group, primer penetrated deeply through dentinal tubule. Also bonding agent was penetrated along the primer, but the penetration length is shorter than primer part, and in 3-D image, the resin tag is conical shape and lateral branch is observed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.491-497
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between hybrid layer thickness and bond strength using confocal laser scanning microscope and microtensile bond strength test of two adhesive systems. The dentin surface of human molars. sectioned to remove the enamel from the occlusal surface. Either Scotchbond Multi-Purpose(3M Dental Product, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A) or Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) was bonded to the surface. and covered with resin-composite. The resin-bonded teeth were serially sliced perpendicular to the adhesive interface to measure the hybrid layer thickness by confocal laser scanning microscope. The specimen were trimmed to give a bonded cross-sectional surface area of $1\textrm{mm}^2$, then the micro-tensile bone test was performed at a cross head speed of 1.0 mm/min. All fractured surfaces were also observed by stereomicroscope. There was no significant differences in bond strengths the materials(p>0.05). However. the hybrid layers of three-step dentin adhesive system, SM, had significantly thicker than self-etching adhesive system. CS(p<0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficient showed no correlation between hybrid layer thickness and bond strengths(p>0.05). Bond strengths of dentin adhesive systems were not dependent on the thickness of hybrid layer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.346-355
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• 2014

소나무의 가도관과 유연벽공의 미세구조를 연구하는데 공초점반사현미경법을 이용하여 획득한 3차원 화상을 사용하였다. 가도관 유연벽공의 토러스, 마르고, 벽공연의 미세구조가 명확하게 관찰되었으며, 교분야벽공의 미세구조로 가도관과 방사유세포 사이의 연결구조 및 방사유세포 내의 역학적 지지구조도 관찰할 수 있었다. 가도관 세포벽의 3차원 화상에서는 S1, S2, S3층과 이 층들의 사이에 있는 이행층의 존재도 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 S3층과 S2층의 마이크로 피브릴 배향의 관찰이 가능하였고, 유연벽공 주변의 복잡한 마이크로피브릴 배향 특성도 직접적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과 공초점반사현미경법은 소나무 가도관의 세포벽, 유연벽공, 교분야벽공의 미세구조를 연구하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있는 현미경 기법으로 여겨졌다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1254-1260
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to prepare nanosample of fucoidan using lecithin as encapsulated material and to investigate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of nanoparticle in vitro. The nanoparticles have been characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Confocal microscopy confirmed the internalization of the fucoidan conjugates into the immune cells. The uptake of nanoparticles was confirmed with confocal microscopy demonstrating their localization in the cells. The anticancer activity was increased over 5-10% in different cancer cells of fucoidan nanoparticle as compare with fucoidan. The human B and T cells growth and the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a from B cell were also improved by fucoidan nanoparticle because of the rapid absorption of nanoparticle into the cells as compare to fucoidan. At 0.6 mg/mL concentrations, the fucoidan nanoparticle showed better activity than 1.0 mg/mL concentration in T cell growth because the cells reached their saturation capacity. When the fucoidan was encapsulated in lecithin, its anticancer as well as its immunomodulatory activity proved to be superior from that of itself in pure form.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.310-318
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• 2019

Purpose: Surface alterations of titanium discs following instrumentation with either a nylon brush or a metal brush were evaluated. Methods: A total of 27 titanium discs with 3 surface types (9 discs for each type), including machined (M) surfaces, sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surfaces, and surfaces treated by resorbable blast media (RBM), were used. Three discs were instrumented with a nylon brush, another 3 discs were instrumented with a metal brush, and the remaining 3 discs were used as controls for each surface type. Surface properties including the arithmetic mean value of a linear profile (Ra), maximum height of a linear profile (Rz), skewness of the assessed linear profile (Rsk), arithmetic mean height of a surface (Sa), maximum height of a surface (Sz), developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr), skewness of a surface profile (Ssk), and kurtosis of a surface profile (Sku) were measured using confocal microscopy. Results: Instrumentation with the nylon brush increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surfaces. On the SA surfaces, Ra, Sa and Sdr decreased after nylon brush use. Meanwhile, the roughness of the RBM surface was not affected by the nylon brush. The use of the metal brush also increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surface; however, the increase in Sdr was not statistically significant (P=0.119). The decreases in the Rz, Sz, Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the SA surfaces were remarkable. On the RBM surfaces, the use of the metal brush did not cause changes in Ra and Sa, whereas Rz, Sz, and Sdr were reduced. Conclusions: Titanium surfaces were altered when instrumented either with a nylon brush or a metal brush. Hence, it is recommended that nylon or metal brushes be used with caution in order to avoid damaging the implant fixture/abutment surface.

• 지질공학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.237-249
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 지하수의 이동에 영향을 주는 암반의 균열에 대해서 고온하에서의 다단계 압력실험을 통해 균열면의 거칠기 변화에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 연구에 사용된 시료는 지표에서 지하 500 m 구간에서 획득한 조립질 화성암과 세립질 화성암 시료 중 심도 약 40 m와 270 m의 시료를 실험에 사용하였다. 압력은 최대 120 MPa 까지 가압을 하였으며, 단계적으로 10 MPa씩 증가하면서 실험을 수행하였다. 각 단계에서의 표면 변화를 관측하기 위해서 고분해능 3차원 다초점 레이저 스캔 현미경(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope, CLSM)을 사용하였으며, 이를 통해서 미세한 표면의 거칠기를 확인할 수 있었다. 거칠기의 변화에 대해서는 거칠기 인자값을 기준으로 변화된 양을 계산하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 시료는 $20{\times}40{\times}5mm$ 크기를 가지고 있으며, 가압장치는 나사방식으로 압력을 가할 수 있도록 제작한 챔버를 활용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 단계적으로 압력이 가해지는 조건에서 압력에 따른 균열면의 거칠기는 입자의 크기에 따라 다른 변화를 보이는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이러한 자료는 추후 암석의 균열면을 따라 이동할 수 있는 지하수의 흐름에 대한 예측을 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 투명한 물질의 두께를 측정하기 위한 방법으로 기하 위상 렌즈 기반의 색공초점 센서를 개발하고, 성능 개선을 위한 보정 방법을 제시한다. 일반적인 색공초점 센서의 복잡한 설계로 인한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 기하 위상 렌즈를 이용하여 전체 시스템의 크기를 줄이고, 시스템 오차를 보상하기 위한 파장 첨두 위치 추출 방법과 계통 오차 제거 방법을 설명한다. 색공초점 센서를 이용하여 투명한 물질의 두께를 측정하기 위한 이론을 설명하고, 이를 사파이어 및 BK7 물질의 두께를 측정함으로써 실험적으로 검증한다. 색공초점 센서를 이용한 두께 측정 방법은 기존의 간섭계 및 공초점 센서의 방법들에 비해 측정 속도가 빠르고, 분산 등에 의한 두께 측정 영역 제한이 없기 때문에 많은 응용이 가능하다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.75.2-76
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• 2021

MESSIER is a science satellite project to observe the Low Surface Brightness (LSB) sky at UV and optical wavelengths. The wide-field, optical system of MESSIER is optimized minimizing optical aberrations through the use of a Linear Astigmatism Free - Three Mirror System (LAF-TMS) combined with freeform mirrors. One of the key factors in observations of the LSB is the shape and spatial variability of the Point Spread Function (PSF) produced by scatterings and diffraction effects within the optical system and beyond (baffle). To assess the various factors affecting the PSF in this design, we use PhoSim, the Photon simulator, which is a fast photon Monte Carlo code designed to include all these effects, and also atmospheric effects (for ground-based telescopes) and phenomena occurring inside of the sensor. PhoSim provides very realistic simulations results and is suitable for simulations of very weak signals. Before the application to the MESSIER optics system, PhoSim had not been validated for confocal off-axis reflective optics (LAF-TMS). As a verification study for the LAF-TMS design, we apply Phosim sequentially. First, we use a single parabolic mirror system and compare the PSF results of the central field with the results from Zemax, CODE V, and the theoretical Airy pattern. We then test a confocal off-axis Cassegrain system and check PhoSim through cross-validation with CODE V. At the same time, we describe the shapes of the freeform mirrors with XY and Zernike polynomials. Finally, we will analyze the LAF-TMS design for the MESSIER optical system.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.25.1-25.13
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• 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of endodontic access cavities design on the removal of calcium hydroxide medication of the apical third of mandibular incisor root canal walls and dentinal tubules with different cleaning protocols: EDDY sonic activation, Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation, or conventional irrigation with IrriFlex. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight extracted human mandibular incisors were assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 13) according to the endodontic access cavity and cleaning protocol for calcium hydroxide removal: traditional access cavity (TradAC)/EDDY; ultraconservative access cavity performed in the incisal edge (UltraAC.Inc)/EDDY; TradAC/Er,Cr:YSGG; UltraAC. Inc/Er,Cr:YSGG; TradAC/IrriFlex; or UltraAC.Inc/IrriFlex. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were used to measure the non-penetration percentage, maximum residual calcium hydroxide penetration depth, and penetration area at 2 and 4 mm from the apex. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and WRS2 package for 2-way comparison of non-normally distributed parameters (depth of penetration, area of penetration, and percentage of non-penetration) according to cavity and cleaning protocol with the significance level set at 5%. Results: The effect of cavity and cleaning protocol interactions on penetration depth, penetration area and non-penetration percentage was not found statistically significant at 2 and 4 mm levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that TradAC or UltraAC.Inc preparations with different cleaning protocols in extracted mandibular incisors did not influence the remaining calcium hydroxide at 2 and 4 mm from the apex.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2024

Surface topography plays a decisive role in determining the performance of several precision components. In particular, the surface roughness of semiconductor devices affects the precision of the circuit. In this regard, the surface topography of a given surface needs to be appropriately assessed. Typically, the average roughness is used as one of the main indicators of surface finish quality because it is influenced by both dynamic and static parameters. Owing to the increasing demand for such accurate and reliable surface measurement systems, studies are continuously being conducted to understand the parameters of surface roughness and measure the average roughness with high reliability. However, the differences in the measurement methods of surface roughness are not clearly understood. Hence, in this study, the surface roughness of the back of a silicon wafer was measured using both contact and noncontact methods. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted according to various surface roughness parameters to identify the differences in surface roughness depending on the measurement method. When using a 3D laser confocal microscope, even smaller surface asperities can be measured compared with the use of a 3D profiler. The results are expected to improve the understanding of the surface roughness characteristics of precision components and be used as a useful guideline for selecting the measurement method for surface topography assessment.