• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.73-76
• /
• 2009

Purpose: Bone mineral densitometry test region advised by ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry) is both site in case of femur, whereas our medical center measures left femur except for few extraordinary cases. It is said that right-handers had higher mean femur BMD in the left side than in the right side, but the factor influence the femur BMD is unknown. Thus, we investigate whether testing left femur only is a adequate clinical diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 209 right-handers and 20 left-handers patient in Asan Medical Center from July to August, 30 to 70 years of age ($51{\pm}6.7$). Subjects fill out the questionnaire on hand preference and taking regular exercise. Total BMDs of bilateral femur were measured with GE Lunar Prodigy advance densitometer, and the statistical soft ware SPSS 12.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the total sample of the exercise group (n=127), the difference of both femur mean BMDs are $0.001{\pm}0.127\;g/cm^2$ and the non-exercise group's (n=102) both femur difference is $0.002{\pm}0.126\;g/cm^2$, there is no significant difference. And in exercise group, classified according to hand preference, each t-value is shown at right handers (n=114) are 0.65, left handers (n=13) are -0.39. Also, In non-exercise group, right handers (n=95) are -0.78, left handers (n=7) are -0.64. In the 95% confidence limit, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: In recently researchs, there have been differences between both femurs according to hand preference. However, Our study have no significant difference both femurs BMDs. Therefore we suggest that BMD measurement of femur has no problem only one side, except for particular case like femur operation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.233-236
• /
• 2012

Cefquinome, a fourth generation cephalosporin, has been solely used for veterinary medicine and has a broad antibacterial spectrum against gram-negatives and gram-positives being very stable to ${\beta}$-lactamases. This study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefquinome 2.5% products in piglets. Plasma cefquinome concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Mean maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) of test product ($Cequus^{(R)}$) and reference product ($Cobactan^{(R)}$) were $4.34{\pm}0.58$ and $4.22{\pm}0.47{\mu}g/mL$, and mean area under the concentration time curve ($AUC_{0{\rightarrow}{\infty}}$) values were $10.43{\pm}1.96$ and $10.25{\pm}2.98{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of $C_{max}$ (0.941-1.115), and $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}{\infty}}$ (0.927-1.172) values for the test and reference products were within the acceptable bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. It is concluded that two commercial cefquinome injectable solutions are bioequivalent in their extent of drug absorption in piglets.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.65 no.6
• /
• pp.471-475
• /
• 2008

Background: In order to achieve a maintenance level and to prevent hemorrhagic complications, regular monitoring of the INR is mandatory for patients on oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT). A point-of-care instrument for INR monitoring is convenient for users, but the accuracy of the results has been controversial, and so this calls for exact evaluation of the point-of-care instrument that is used for INR monitoring. Methods: From Aug 2007 through Feb 2008, 85 patients on OAT among the all the patients who were admitted to Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital were involved in this study. Parallel measurements of the PT INR were performed using a CoaguChek-XS and, a CA-7000 laboratory reference instrument and the results were analyzed. In addition, the patients' clinical data, including the diagnosis and the frequency and interval of the INR measurements, were also analyzed. Results: Of the 85 patients, 25 were admitted more than once to undergo INR testing and the mean interval between testing was 8.6 weeks with 39% and 38% of the tests being less than INR 2 units with using the CoaguChek-XS and the reference method, respectively. The coefficients of variation of CoaguChek-XS were 4.50 and 2.45 for the high and low INR patients, respectively. An excellent correlation was found between the two methods with a $R^2$ of 0.966 (p<0.001). Through Bland-Altman analysis, the mean INR difference between the two methods was 0.13 with the limit of agreement being -0.47~+0.72 with a 95% confidence interval. CoaguChek-XS was shown to overestimate the INR value for patients with an increasing INR, as compared to the reference method. Conclusion: CoaguChek-XS demonstrated great precision and accuracy for patients on OAT when compared to the laboratory INR results. Accordingly, the instrument should help to monitor the INR in the patients on OAT.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.79-83
• /
• 1995

Purpose : We analysed $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$ renal scans to evaluate renal function of transplanted kidney and to detect various renal transplant complications, measuring the ratio of renal radioactivity at three minutes to that at 20 minutes(elimination index). Material and Methods : The fifty seven renal transplantation recipients were studied. There were 50 normal functioning transplanted kidneys as group I and 7 abnormal function-ing transplanted kidney, including 5 cases of acute renal rejection, 2 cases of acute tubular necrosis as group IIl. The protocol consisted of: (1) $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$ 740MBq injection intravenously : (2) sequential imaging for 2min(60two-second images) followed by 30min(30 sixty-second images) : (3) drawing of region of interest(ROI) on renal imaging; (4) time-activity corves were generated from renal ROI after background subtraction, and time of maximum activity($T_{max}$) and half time of maximal peak radioactivity($T_{1/2}$) were produced in the renogram curve. (5) EI through Bischof-Delaloye method as determined on the renogram curve. Results : Normal group( I ) shows mean EI of 2.21(95.0% Confidence limit of 2.01-2.87), $T_{max}$ of 154 sec, $T_{1/2}$ of 1,139 sec. Abnormal group(II) shows mean EI of 0.74, $T_{max}$ of 1,466 sec, $T_{1/2}$ of 19,224 sec. The EI, $T_{max}$, $T_{1/2}$, BUN and serum creatinine values are significantly different between normal group(I) and abnormal group(II) (p<0.0001). Conclusion : By measuring EI with $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$, renal function of transplanted kidney could be easily evaluated and various complications could be detected early.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 1984

Optimizing investigation of characteristics of underwater welding by a gravity type arc welding process was experimentally carried out by using six types of domestic coated welding electrodes for welding of domestic marine structural steel plates (KR Grade A-1, SWS41A, SWS41B,) in order to develop the underwater welding techniques in practical use. Main results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The absorption speed of the coating of domestic coated lime titania type welding-electrode became constant at about 60 minutes in water and it was about 0.18%/min during initial 8 minutes of absorption time. 2. Thus, the immediate welding electrode could be used in underwater welding for such a short time in comparison with the joint strength of in-atmosphere-and on-water-welding by dry-, wet-or immediate-welding-electrode. 3. By bead appearance and X-ray inspection, ilmenite, limetitania and high titanium oxide types of electrodes were found better for underwater-welding of 10 mm KR Grade A-1 steel plates, while proper welding angle, current and electrode diameter were 6$0^{\circ}C$, above 160A and 4mm respectively under 28cm/min of welding speed. 4. The weld metal tensile strength or proof stress of underwater-welded-joints has a quadratic relationship with the heat input, and the optimal heat input zone is about 13 to 15KJ/cm for 10mm SWS41A steel plates, resulting from consideration upon both joint efficiency of above-100% and recovery of impact strength and strain. Meanwhile, the optimal heat input zone resulting from tension-tension fatigue limit above the base metal's of SWS41A plates is 16 to 19KJ/cm. Reliability of all the empirical equations reveals 95% confidence level. 6. The microstructure of the underwater welds of SES41A welded in such a zone has no weld defects such as hydrogen brittleness with supreme high hardness, since the HAZ-bond boundary area adjacent to both surface and base metal has only Hv400 max with the microstructure of fine martensite, bainite, pearlite and small amount of ferrite.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1169-1181
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the regular Upright Body Type Excercise on posture, muscle strength of leg, lung capacity and depression of people with mental illness. The subjects of this study were recruited from B mental health center (5 years and more mental illness patients, n=19) located in P city. For the exercise group, They were carried out the Upright Body Type Excercise Program during 8 weeks (60 min/time, 3 times/week). They were randomly divided into two groups. Exercise group (n=10) and Control group (n=9). And also, they were agreed with consent forms before the experiments. Research results were as follows. Through the upper body type exercise, there was significantly difference in PEF and FEV1/FVC in the trained group. And also, there was much improved in depression level in the trained group. The change of melancholy feeling before and after the program was not statistically significant. However, because of limitations of sampling size due to the peculiarities of the program participants, in consideration of the limit of statistical validation exists clearly, intended to better understand the subjective experience of attendees, qualitative analyzing(qualitative research) was carried out in parallel. It was conducted a deep interview only person accepted among program participants, thematic analysis, subject analysis tasks to be subdivided by classifying by considering the semantic units of what participants expressed, was thus carried out. It found that the degree of melancholy feeling of mental disorders who participated in the Upright Body Typed Exercise Program was reduced. The course of the experience of change in depression appered the three subjects and six sub-themes such as "the start of the change", "interest of the program", "recognition of the need of the body’s health", "physical health promotion", "recovery of physical function", "negative change of habits (attitude)", "reduction of sense of depression", "confidence that it is possible to", "hope for the future". Therefore, upper body type exercise is much helpful in lung capacity and mental health of people with mental illness. So, this type of exercise mostly needed in the people with mental illness group than the other group for the quality of life.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2004

Background : It is difficult to differentiate between tuberculous pneumonia and Community Acquired Pneumonia, so the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pneumonia can be delayed frequently. In this study, we attempted to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and radiologic characteristics of tuberculous pneumonia. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of 58 patients diagnosed with tuberculous pneumonia from Nov. 1997 to May 2001 at Korea university kuro hospital. Result : The male to female ratio was 1:1 and the mean age at diagnosis was $54.5{\pm}18.6$ years. Fifty five patients were confirmed microbiologically and three patients pathologically. There were 20 patients(34.5%) who had diabetes mellitus(8cases), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(3cases), malignancy(3cases), bronchiectasis(2cases), chronic renal failure(1cases) or long term history of corticosteroid treatment(3cases). Many patients had multilobar infiltration in chest X-ray, dominantly in the lower lobe. thirty two patients(55.2%) had infiltration in more than 2 lobes and 5 patients in more than 4 lobes. The significant correlation between the diabetes mellitus and the infiltrated Rt lower lobe(RLL) was found on the borders of confidence limit.(P=0.07<0.1). There was significant correlation between woman and infiltrated lobe(RML, RLL, LLL) excluding the both upper lobe(P=0.029). Conclusion : We must consider tuberculous pneumonia when lobar pneumonia with consolidation resistant to antibiotics, especially in the patients who have diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy, bronchiectsis, chronic renal failure or long term history of corticosteroid treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.684-690
• /
• 2000

Background : The most common cause of treatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis is early stoppage of treatment or irregular medication. The most important aspect of a retreatment is regular medication provided over a long period. Inadequate treatment may cause drug resistance and prolong the duration of chemotherapy. This study analyzed the risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, who failed in retreatment, and to use the results as basic data in the management of intractable tuberculosis patients with improving the rate of retreatment success. Methods : We performed a retroactive study of 62 pulmonary tuberculosis patients in retreatment at National Mokpo Tuberculosis Hospital from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1995. The patients were separated into two groups: group I was retreatment failure and group II was retreatrnent success. For the analysis of risk factors in retreatment failure, we compared the difference between the two groups and tested the confidence limit about results of the results by independent t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test and Fisher's exact test. Results : The treatment failure rate of retreatment patients was 13(21%), and treatment success 49(79%). No significant difference (p>0.05)in age, sex, number of treatment, irregular rate of treatment, extent of the disease & cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray, number of resistance drugs, number of used drugs to medication, number of sensitive bactericidal drugs to medication, rate of sensitive drugs to medication and resisiance to INH & RFP had not significant difference. was found. However, the number of treatment was $2.4{\pm}0.8$ in group I and $1.6{\pm}0.9$ in group II, and had showing a significant difference(p<0.05) between the two groups. Conclusion : The risk factor of retreatment failure was more irregular previous treatment the irregularity of the previous treatment. For reducing the retreatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis, greater efforts are needed more need to be done to prevent failure of first treatment.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.73-89
• /
• 2021

The handysize bulk carriers are capable of transporting a variety of cargo that cannot be transported by mid-large size ship, and the spot chartering market is active, and it is a market that is independent of mid-large size market, and is more risky due to market conditions and charterage variability. In this study, Granger causality test, the Impulse Response Function(IRF) and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition(FEVD) were performed using monthly time series data. As a result of Granger causality test, coal price for coke making, Japan steel plate commodity price, hot rolled steel sheet price, fleet volume and bunker price have causality to Baltic Handysize Index(BHSI) and charterage. After confirming the appropriate lag and stability of the Vector Autoregressive model(VAR), IRF and FEVD were analyzed. As a result of IRF, the three variables of coal price for coke making, hot rolled steel sheet price and bunker price were found to have significant at both upper and lower limit of the confidence interval. Among them, the impulse of hot rolled steel sheet price was found to have the most significant effect. As a result of FEVD, the explanatory power that affects BHSI and charterage is the same in the order of hot rolled steel sheet price, coal price for coke making, bunker price, Japan steel plate price, and fleet volume. It was found that it gradually increased, affecting BHSI by 30% and charterage by 26%. In order to differentiate from previous studies and to find out the effect of short term lag, analysis was performed using monthly price data of major cargoes for Handysize bulk carriers, and meaningful results were derived that can predict monthly market conditions. This study can be helpful in predicting the short term market conditions for shipping companies that operate Handysize bulk carriers and concerned parties in the handysize chartering market.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.161-173
• /
• 2021

The shipping industry plummeted and was depressed due to the global economic crisis caused by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in the US in 2008. In 2020, the shipping market also suffered from a collapse in the unstable global economic situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but unexpectedly, it changed to an upward trend from the end of 2020, and in 2021, it exceeded the market of the boom period of 2008. According to the Clarksons report published in May 2021, the decrease in cargo volume due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has returned to the pre-corona level by the end of 2020, and the tramper bulk carrier capacity of 103~104% of the Panamax has been in the ports due to congestion. Earnings across the bulker segments have risen to ten-year highs in recent months. In this study, as factors affecting BDI, the capacity and congestion ratio of Cape and Panamax ships on the supply side, iron ore and coal seaborne tonnge on the demand side and Granger causality test, IRF(Impulse Response Function) and FEVD(Forecast Error Variance Decomposition) were performed using VAR model to analyze the impact on BDI by congestion caused by strengthen quarantine at the port due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the loading and discharging operation delay due to the infection of the stevedore, etc and to predict the shipping market after the pandemic. As a result of the Granger causality test of variables and BDI using time series data from January 2016 to July 2021, causality was found in the Fleet and Congestion variables, and as a result of the Impulse Response Function, Congestion variable was found to have significant at both upper and lower limit of the confidence interval. As a result of the Forecast Error Variance Decomposition, Congestion variable showed an explanatory power upto 25% for the change in BDI. If the congestion in ports decreases after With Corona, it is expected that there is down-risk in the shipping market. The COVID-19 pandemic occurred not from economic factors but from an ecological factor by the pandemic is different from the past economic crisis. It is necessary to analyze from a different point of view than the past economic crisis. This study has meaningful to analyze the causality and explanatory power of Congestion factor by pandemic.