Broadcast has been often used to disseminate the frequently requested data efficiently to a large volume of mobile clients over a single or multiple channels. Conventional concurrency control protocols for mobile transactions are not suitable for the wireless broadcast environments due to the limited bandwidth of the up-link communication channel. In wireless broadcast environments, the server often broadcast different data items with different frequency to incorporate the data access patterns of mobile transactions. The previously proposed concurrency control protocols for mobile transactions in wireless broadcast environments are focused on the mobile transactions with uniform data access patterns. However, these protocols perform poorly when the data access pattern of update mobile transaction are not uniform but skewed. The update mobile transactions with skewed data access patterns will be frequently aborted and restarted due 4o the update conflict of the same data items with a high access frequency. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient concurrence control protocol for mobile transactions with skewed data access as well as uniform data access patterns. Our protocol use a random back-off technique to avoid the frequent abort and restart of update mobile transactions. We present in-depth experimental analysis of our method by comparing it with existing concurrency control protocols. Our performance analysis show that it significantly decrease the average response time, the amount of upstream and downstream bandwidth usage over existing protocols.
In the case of military supplies, any potential failure and causes of failures must be considered. This study is aimed at examining the failure modes of a rotorcraft landing system to identify the priority items. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is applied to the rotorcraft landing system. In general, the FMEA is used to evaluate the reliability in engineering fields. Three elements, specifically, the severity, occurrence, and detectability are used to evaluate the failure modes. The risk priority number (RPN) can be obtained by multiplying the scores or the risk levels pertaining to severity, occurrence, and detectability. In this study, different weights of the three elements are considered for the RPN assessment to implement the FMEA. Furthermore, the FMEA is implemented using a fuzzy rule base, similarity aggregation model (SAM), and grey theory model (GTM) to perform a comparative analysis. The same input data are used for all models to enable a fair comparison. The FMEA is applied to military supplies by considering methodological issues. In general, the fuzzy theory is based on a hypothesis regarding the likelihood of the conversion of the crisp value to the fuzzy input. Fuzzy FMEA is the basic method to obtain the fuzzy RPN. The three elements of the FMEA are used as five linguistic terms. The membership functions as triangular fuzzy sets are the simplest models defined by the three elements. In addition, a fuzzy set is described using a membership function mapping the elements to the intervals 0 and 1. The fuzzy rule base is designed to identify the failure modes according to the expert knowledge. The IF-THEN criterion of the fuzzy rule base is formulated to convert a fuzzy input into a fuzzy output. The total number of rules is 125 in the fuzzy rule base. The SAM expresses the judgment corresponding to the individual experiences of the experts performing FMEA as weights. Implementing the SAM is of significance when operating fuzzy sets regarding the expert opinion and can confirm the concurrence of expert opinion. The GTM can perform defuzzification to obtain a crisp value from a fuzzy membership function and determine the priorities by considering the degree of relation and the form of a matrix and weights for the severity, occurrence, and detectability. The proposed models prioritize the failure modes of the rotorcraft landing system. The conventional FMEA and fuzzy rule base can set the same priorities. SAM and GTM can set different priorities with objectivity through weight setting.
The purpose of this study was to consider composition of the movement program for the elderly with dementia to develop visit-customized movement program. For the study, 20 experts were selected including 8 dance therapists, 2 dementia-specialized doctors, 5 physical education leaders of the elderly, and 5 geriatric care helpers. First Delphi data, which listed items, was used to analyze content. Second and third Delphi questionnaires, which evaluated importance in Likert scale, was used to calculate content validity rate, average, standard deviation, quartile, convergence degree, and concurrence degree of each composition. 46 core composition of movement program for the elderly, which were selected and highlighted by the experts, were departmentalized into 6 considered compositions of movement program. 7 required composition of movement program, 1 Appropriate frequency of 3 times in a week and 1 30 minutes for each exercise, 1 operation method, 5 appropriate exercise of rhythm expression, 4 appropriate aerobic exercise, 4 appropriate muscle exercises, 5 appropriate stretches, 3 appropriate partner exercises 4 Appropriate massages, 5 appropriate tools
Park, Yong-Chul;Kim, Sung-Jun;Kim, Eun-Soo;Lee, Hee-Jun;Lee, Hyo-Jin;Kim, Dong-Hwa
The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
/
v.12
no.1
/
pp.50-56
/
2007
Impact of thermal discharge of nuclear power plant on marine environment is naturally reflected in biogeochemical changes of seawater. Until now, many investigation activities and reports of impact analysis of marine environment were occasionally inadequate to provide sufficient justification in resolving controversial conflict of interests related with thermal discharge of nuclear power plant. From the scrutinized examination of recent 17 reports published in Korea between 2002 and 2004, the most apparent issue was inadequacy of sampling design and absence of significance of many measured parameters. In many cases, lack of statistical interpretation of raw data incurred subjective or ambiguous assessment results, which failed in deducing mutual concurrence between the parties of interest. In overall all, the main reasons for impairing integrity of previous reports seem to be inconsistency of environmental investigation procedures between research institutions, inadequate sampling design at the discretion of institutions and lack of objectivity of impact assessment based on statistical interpretation. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to (1) discuss the blown issues on previous routine practice of seawater quality assessment procedures, and to (2) provide improved investigation procedures and rational standard criteria strictly based on statistical analysis for the better seawater quality assessment, which could be supported by scientific community, public agency, investigation institution and the other parties of interest.
Wung Chul Jin;Seung Ik Baek;Yu Feng Sun;Xiang Dan Jin
Journal of Service Research and Studies
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v.14
no.2
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pp.18-36
/
2024
As interest in ESG has been increased, it is easy to find papers that empirically study that a company's ESG activities have a positive impact on the company's performance. However, research on what ESG activities companies should actually engage in is relatively lacking. Accordingly, this study systematically classifies ESG activities of companies and seeks to provide insight to companies seeking to plan new ESG activities. This study analyzes how Chinese manufacturing companies perform ESG activities based on their dynamic capabilities in the global economy and how they differ in their activities. This study used the ESG annual reports of 151 Chinese manufacturing listed companies on the Shanghai & Shenzhen Stock Exchange and ESG indicators of China Securities Index Company (CSI) as data. This study focused on the following three research questions. The first is to determine whether there are any differences in ESG activities between companies with high ESG scores (TOP-25) and companies with low ESG scores (BOT-25), and the second is to determine whether there are any changes in ESG activities over a 10-year period (2010-2019), focusing only on companies with high ESG scores. The results showed that there was a significant difference in ESG activities between high and low ESG scorers, while tracking the year-to-year change in activities of the top-25 companies did not show any difference in ESG activities. In the third study, social network analysis was conducted on the keywords of E/S/G. Through the co-concurrence matrix technique, we visualized the ESG activities of companies in a four-quadrant graph and set the direction for ESG activities based on this.
Purpose : The differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule is intriguing in cancer patients. Metastasis might be a preferential diagnosis, and yet possibilities of other medical conditions still exist. Pulmonary tuberculosis should be enlisted in the differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule in cancer patients in Korea. This study was aimed at analyzing the incidence and clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis that were misdiagnosed as pulmonary metastasis during radiologic follow-up in pediatric cancer patients. Methods : We retrospectively studied 422 cancer patients less than 18 years old in the Korea Cancer Center Hospital from January 2001 to June 2007. We collected episodes of lung metastasis of primary tumor and tuberculosis during treatment or follow-up, and analyzed medical records. Results : There were 5 cases of tuberculosis confirmed after surgery which were initially regarded as cancer. Two patients had respiratory symptoms such as cough and sputum but the other 3 patients did not. One patient had a family history of tuberculosis. Acid-fast M. tuberculosis was found in one case upon tissue specimen analysis. Two cases were Mantoux positive and the sputum examination was negative in all cases. The polymerase chain reaction for tuberculosis on a pathologic specimen was used to differentiate M. tuberculosis from non-tuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM). It was positive in one case. Lung lesions in one case showed a concurrence of tuberculosis along with lung metastasis. One of these patients died after cancer recurrence. Conclusion : It is necessary to consider the possibility of tuberculosis when a lung mass is newly detected during treatment or follow-up in patients with childhood cancer.
Hur, Yun Jung;Lee, Joon Soo;Lee, Jong Doo;Kim, Heung Dong
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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v.51
no.3
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pp.286-292
/
2008
Purpose : We performed EEG and PET on children with epilepsy concomitantly in order to evaluate the effects of epileptiform and non-epileptiform discharge of EEG on glucose metabolism. Methods : Seventy three children with epilepsy who had PET and EEG simultaneously were included in our study. The subjects were classified in two ways: (1) based on the frequency of epileptiform discharge and (2) the severity of non-epileptiform discharge. We evaluated the clinical aspects of their seizures, the severity of focal slow waves during the interictal period with the frequency of spikes or sharp waves in order to compare with the PET results. Results : The subjects were divided by the frequency of epileptiform discharge, with 13 in the no/rare group, 7 in the occasional group, and 53 children in the frequent group. The concordant rates with PET in each group were 0%, 42.9%, and 67.9%, respectively, showing high correlations with the frequency of epileptiform discharge (P<0.05, r=0.491). The subjects as divided by the severity of non-epileptiform discharge were 15 in the no group, 25 in the infrequent group, 17 in the intermediate group, and 16 in the continuous group. The concurrence rates with PET for each group were 13.3%, 52.0%, 64.7%, and 68.8%, respectively, also showing a high correlation with the severity of non-epileptiform discharge (P<0.05, r= 0.365). Conclusion : Epileptiform discharge and non-epileptiform discharge in EEG showed a certain association with hypometabolism in PET. We recommend EEG to reduce false lateralization and to localize lesions in cases of high frequency and severity.
Purpose: We previously reported that concurrent reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in children with hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is common and EBV reactivation with HAV infection adversely affects the clinical features of hepatitis. However, the incidence of concurrent reactivation was not accurate because the detection of EBV reactivation was based on serologic methods. Therefore, we studied the effects of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-proven EBV reactivation, thus a more precise concurrence, on acute HAV infection in children. Methods: PCR were conducted in 34 patients, who had enrolled previous study and diagnosed with acute HAV infection between January 2008 and June 2010. Their medical records were reviewed. Results: Among 34 patients with acute HAV infection, 12 patients (35.3%) had EBV reactivation which was proven using serologic and molecular biologic techniques. There were significant differences in the peak levels of AST and ALT between the reactivated and non-reactivated groups (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The duration of full recovery from hepatitis was more prolonged in the reactivated group (p<0.001). Clinical parameters, such as serum protein (p<0.001) and albumin concentrations (p<0.001), atypical lymphocyte count (p=0.001), prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR, p<0.001), and splenomegaly (p<0.001), showed significant differences. The clinical features in the reactivated sub-group >10 years of age revealed more liver dysfunction compared to the non-reactivated sub-group. A comparison with a previous study was performed. Conclusion: PCR-proven reactivation of latent EBV in children with HAV infection is common and EBV reactivation with HAV infection adversely affects the clinical features of hepatitis, especially in older children.
The purpose of this study was to analyze paper and pencil test items of life science I in high school to diagnose problems of the test items developed by teachers, and to provide some implication for better assessment. 690 selection-type items and 162 supply-type items in life science I were collected from 10 general high schools. In the analysis of test items, the ratio of the selection-type item and the supply-type item was 81:19 in the number of items based on item type, while the ratio was 74.4:25.6 in the distribution of marks, indicating that the distribution of marks compared to the number of items was higher in the supply-type items. In the analysis by the Bloom's revised taxonomy of educational objectives, the items of 'conceptual knowledge' in the knowledge and those of 'understanding' in the cognition process were shown most in both the selection-type item and the supply-type item. In the analysis by the science assessment frameworks of NAEA, the items of 'knowledge' were shown 9 times more than those of 'inquiry'. When compared to the level of difficulty presented in the two-way specification table and the percentage of correct answers in the selection-type item, the concurrence was 41.5%. When compared to the ratio of number of items based on the item type of the supply-type items, the short-answer items were 34.0%, the descriptive items were 61.1%, and the drawing items were 4.9%. The drawing items were mainly developed in the unit of 'Cells and Continuity of Life'. When the descriptive items were classified by the acceptance of response, all the items were 'response restricted' type, and the items of 'restricted in content range' type among them were highest. When the items were classified by presentation of data, the items of 'presentation of data' type were highest(65.4%), and when classified by type of question, the items of 'knowledge description' type were highest(80.4%). In conclusion, it is needed to develop items belonging to 'inquiry' area more in the school, and to increase the ratio of the descriptive items, presenting various types of items.
Background : Recently, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has become a popular diagnostic method for differentiating the main cause of exertional dyspnea or exercise limitation. We evaluated the difference in the CPX results according to interpretative algorithms and the methals of exercise in Korea. Method : Sixty-six patients with chronic lung disease and 48 adults with dyspneic symptoms, but with no abnormalities in a spirometry performed symptom limited CPX, were included in this study. The results were interpreted using both Wasserman's(WA) and Eschenbacher's algorithm (EA), and a comparison between both algorithms was made. Thirty-three healthy medical students performed the CPX with a cycle ergometer and treadmill. The results were interpreted with EA and the concurrence in interpretations was evaluated accord ing to the methods of exercise. Results : 1. In patients with chronic lung disease, the overall concordance rate between the two algorithms was 63.6%. The concordance rates waw 69.8% in patients with obstructive, 25.0% in those with restrictive, and 66.7% in those with mixed pulmonary insufficiency. In patients with dyspneic symptoms but normal findings in resting spirometry, the concordance rate was 60.4%. 2. In healthy medical students, in results inter preted with EA, the concordance rate between the cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise was 25.0%. Conclusion : Both interpretative algorithms and methods of exercise may affect the CPX results. In using CPX as a diagnostic test for the causes of dyspnea in the Korean population. the interpretative algorithms and method of exercise need to be standardized, and a predictive $VO_2$max equation needs to be established.
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