• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.97-116
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• 2012

Conceptual modeling is an important step for successful system development. It helps system designers and business practitioners share the same view on domain knowledge. If the work is successful, a result of conceptual modeling can be beneficial in increasing productivity and reducing failures. However, the value of conceptual modeling is unlikely to be evaluated uniformly because we are lack of agreement on how to elicit concepts and how to represent those with conceptual modeling constructs. Especially, designing relationships between components, also known as part-whole relationships, have been regarded as complicated work. The recent study, "Representing Part-Whole Relations in Conceptual Modeling : An Empirical Evaluation" (Shanks et al., 2008), published in MIS Quarterly, can be regarded as one of positive efforts. Not only the study is one of few attempts of trying to clarify how to select modeling alternatives in part-whole design, but also it shows results based on an empirical experiment. Shanks et al. argue that there are two modeling alternatives to represent part-whole relationships : an implicit representation and an explicit one. By conducting an experiment, they insist that the explicit representation increases the value of a conceptual model. Moreover, Shanks et al. justify their findings by citing the BWW ontology. Recently, the study from Shanks et al. faces criticism. Allen and March (2012) argue that Shanks et al.'s experiment is lack of validity and reliability since the experimental setting suffers from error-prone and self-defensive design. They point out that the experiment is intentionally fabricated to support the idea, as such that using concrete UML concepts results in positive results in understanding models. Additionally, Allen and March add that the experiment failed to consider boundary conditions; thus reducing credibility. Shanks and Weber (2012) contradict flatly the argument suggested by Allen and March (2012). To defend, they posit the BWW ontology is righteously applied in supporting the research. Moreover, the experiment, they insist, can be fairly acceptable. Therefore, Shanks and Weber argue that Allen and March distort the true value of Shanks et al. by pointing out minor limitations. In this study, we try to investigate the dispute around Shanks et al. in order to answer to the following question : "What is the proper value of the study conducted by Shanks et al.?" More profoundly, we question whether or not using the BWW ontology can be the only viable option of exploring better conceptual modeling methods and procedures. To understand key issues around the dispute, first we reviewed previous studies relating to the BWW ontology. We critically reviewed both of Shanks and Weber and Allen and March. With those findings, we further discuss theories on part-whole (or part-of) relationships that are rarely treated in the dispute. As a result, we found three additional evidences that are not sufficiently covered by the dispute. The main focus of the dispute is on the errors of experimental methods: Shanks et al. did not use Bunge's Ontology properly; the refutation of a paradigm shift is lack of concrete, logical rationale; the conceptualization on part-whole relations should be reformed. Conclusively, Allen and March indicate properly issues that weaken the value of Shanks et al. In general, their criticism is reasonable; however, they do not provide sufficient answers how to anchor future studies on part-whole relationships. We argue that the use of the BWW ontology should be rigorously evaluated by its original philosophical rationales surrounding part-whole existence. Moreover, conceptual modeling on the part-whole phenomena should be investigated with more plentiful lens of alternative theories. The criticism on Shanks et al. should not be regarded as a contradiction on evaluating modeling methods of alternative part-whole representations. To the contrary, it should be viewed as a call for research on usable and useful approaches to increase value of conceptual modeling.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.396-417
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• 1991

In order that nursing care an essential quality of nursing practice be acceptable and satisfying, it is necessary that client's culture be respected and that nursing practice be appropriate to that culture. Since cultural elements are an important influence on health practices and life patterns related to medical treatment, recovery from and prevention of disease, nurses need to have an understanding and knowledge of social and cultural phenomena to aid in the planning of nursing interventions. To understand the health practices surrounding health and illness, the health beliefs and practices of both folk and professional healing systems should be ascertained. Cultural data are required to provide care of high quality to clients and to reduce possible conflict between the client and the nurse. It is nursing's goal to provide clients from various cultures with quality nursing care which is satisfying and valuable. The problem addressed by this study was to identify Korean health practices which would contribute to the planning of professional caring practice with the culture : ultimately this study was intended to make a contribution to the development of the science of nursing. The concrete objectives of this study were ; 1) to identify Korean health practices, 2) to interpret the identitial health practices through traditional cultural thought, and 3) to compare the Korean health practices with those of other cultures. The investigator used the ethnosceintific approach outlined by spradly in a qualitative study. To discover ancestral wisdom and knowledge related to traditional health practeces, the subjects of this study were selected from residents of a small rural mountain village in south west Korea, a place considered to be maintaining and transmitting the traditional culture in a relatively well -preserved state because of being isolated from the modern world. The number of subjects was 18, aged 71 to 89. Research data were collected from January 8 to March 31, 1990. Five categories of health practices were identified : “Manage one's own mind”, “Moderation in all thing”, “Live in accord with nature”, “Live in mutuality with others”, and “Live to the best of one's ability”. Values derived from these ways of thinking from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism help fashion a traditional way of life, examplified by the saying “Benifience to all”. Korean thought and philosophy is influenced primerily by Confucianism, Confucian principles of ethics, embedded deeply in the peoples' minds, form the idea that “heaven and human being are intimately united” based on concept that “heaven is, so to speak, reason”. Twoe Gae's theory of existential subjectivity develops the concept of self which is the basis of the spirit of reverence in modern Confucian philosophy. The human md is granted from heaven out of the idea of matter, and what control the mind is the spirit of reverence. Hence the idea of “The primacy of the mind" and provided that one should control one's own mind. The precepts of duty to parents, respect for elders and worship of ancestors, and moderation in all behavior put a restraint on life which directed that one live earnestly according to Nature's laws with their neighbors. Not only Confucianism, but also Buddism and Taoism have had an important effect upon these patterns of ideas. When compared with western culture, Korean health practices tend to be more inclusive, abstract and intuitive while westerner health practices found to be mere concrete, practical and personal. Values and beliefs based and pragmatism and existentialism infuence western civilization, Ethical values may be founded on utilitarianism, which considers what is good for the persons in their circumstances as the basis of conduct and takes a serious view of their practical lives including human aspirations rather than an absolute truth. These philosophical and ethical ideas are foundations for health practices related to active, practical and progressive attitudes. This study should be enable nursing not only to understand clients as reflections of the traditional culture when planning nursing practice, but to dovelop health education corresponding to cultural requiments for the purpose of protection against disease and improvement of health, and thus promote sound health practice. Eventually it is hoped that through these processes quality nursing care as the central idea of the science of nursing will be achieved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.10 no.3 s.36
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• pp.553-564
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• 1998

Recently, more and more steel-deck structural system for two story roads has been adopted as a solution against traffic congestion in urban area, mainly because of fast construction, reduced self-weight, higher stiffness and efficient erection compared to that of concrete decks. The main objective is to study on the unit-elective optimal type and proportioning of a rational steel-deck system for two story roads using an optimum design program specifically developed for steel-deck systems. The objective function for the optimization is formulated as a minimum cost design problem. The behavior and design constraints are formulated based on the ASD(Allowable Stress Design) criteria of the Korean Bridge Design Code. The optimum design program developed in this study consists of two steps - the first step for the optimization of the steel box or plate girder viaducts, and the second step for the optimum design of the steel-decks with closed or open ribs. A grid model is used as a structural analysis model for the optimization of the main girder system, while the analysis of the deck system is based on the Pelican-Esslinger method. The SQP(Sequential Quadratic Programming) is used as the optimization technique for the constrained optimization problem. By using a set of application examples, the rational type related to the optimized steel-deck system designs is investigated by comparing the cost effectiveness of each type. Based on the results of the investigation it may be concluded that the optimal linear box girder and deck system with closed ribs may be utilized as one of the most rational and economical viaducts in the construction of two-story roads.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.6 s.52
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• pp.137-145
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• 2006

Recently, the interests in structural monitoring of civil infrastructures are increased. Especially, as the civil infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels and buildings become large-scale, it is necessary to monitor and maintain the safety state of the structures, which requires smart systems that can supply long-term monitoring during the service time of the structures. In this paper, we investigated the possibilities of fiber optic sensor application to the various structures. We investigate the possibility of using fiber optic Bragg grating sensors to joint structure. The sensors show good response to the structural behavior of the joint while electric gauges lack of sensitivity, durability and long term stability for continuous monitoring. We also apply fiber optic structural monitoring to the composite repaired concrete beam structure. Peel-out effects is detected with optical fiber Bragg grating sensors and the strain difference between main structure and repaired carbon sheets is observed when they separate each other. The real field test was performed to verify the behaviors of fiber Bragg grating sensors attached to the containment structure in Uljin nuclear power plant in Korea as a part of structural integrity test which demonstrates that the structural response of the non-prototype primary containment structures. The optical fiber Bragg grating sensor smart system which is the probable means for long term assessments can be applicable to monitoring of structural members in various civil infrastructures.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.539-559
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• 2019

One of the fundamental roles of libraries is to provide users with efficient and easy retrieval of materials. Various discussions have been made at domestic and abroad to improve the accessibility of materials by category, user, and collection, and at the center of this is the issue of improving classification and cataloging systems. However, there are few studies in this area dealing with the data accessibility of the DLS catalog, which is a central tool for accessing domestic school library materials. This study started from the appeal of school library users to the difficulty of searching and accessing books, especially literature. This study is an exploratory study that attempts to derive problems by finding the causes of there difficulties from various aspects. To this study, we surveyed and analyzed the current status of school library collections, the data registration of the school library support system DLS, the subject accessibility of catalog records produced through this, and the recognition and opinions of school library professionals. As a result, school library collections were highly concentrated in the literature field, and it was found that there was not enough catalog bibliographic records to provide efficient access to these collections. In addition, it was found to be somewhat lacking through the DLS search function to compensate for this. Surveys of school librarians and librarians have also identified this problem, and a rich topic index and search keyword assignments have been drawn to the majority of opinions as a way to improve access to materials in school library catalogs. As a continuous discussion on this subject, the plan for improving access to school library materials will be more concrete through future user studies and new challenges for bookshelf classification.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1980

The editorials of the leading newspapers may reflect as well as help formulate the public opinions to a significant degree. Bearing this in mind, this study was carried out to provide information useful in formulating such public health policies that could practically meet the social interests and demands in health appearing in the editorials of the newspapers. This analysis covered the editorials of 5 leading newspapers such as Donga Ilbo, Chungang Ilbo, Hankook Ilto, Chosun Ilbo and Seoul Shinmoon for about 10 years from Jan. 1st, 1970 through Oct. 31th, 1979. The major findings are as follows: 1. The total number of health-concerned editorials in the five daily papers for the period was 1,768 or occupied 6.4% of the total editorials of the same sources. The increasing trend of frequnecy of the health-concerned editorials since 1976 indicates the increment of social interests and demands in health. Analysing the contents, environmental pollution received the greatest attention in those editorials, which was followed by medical affairs, environmental sanitation, and disease control in order in terms of frequency of appearance. However, there was a tendency that the interests in the environmental pollution, medical affairs and social welfare tended to increase year by year, whereas those in environmental hygiene and disease control comparatively decreased. 2. Motives of dealing with the health-concerned editorials were provided by announcement of the governmental policies and implementation for 25.6% and by out-breaks of the relevant events for 23.9%. This tendency coincides with the general characteristics of the editorials that reflect the timely issues. Closely analysing, however, the fact that the motives engendered by the out-breaks of the relevant events or by the season concerned comparatively tended to decrease as years pass by, indicates that the editorials tend more to seek the future-oriented demands in health rather than the current issue-oriented. 3. The editorials appeared to be more concerned with the governmental policies. 95.7% of all the editorials analysed were addressed to the government. This signifies the role of government in the field of public health and medical affairs. Their attitudes toward health-related policies of the government were much more negative than the other editorials that were addressed to the government in other fields. This suggests that the governmental interests in health were neither sufficient nor fair. 4. What the editorials most stressed were; (1) increment of governmental interests in health, (2) improvement of the governmental health administration, (3) enriching the basic statistics, and (4) development of various technologies pertinent to health affairs and disease control, and so forth. However, must of their suggestions were not concrete but rather abstract and conceptual. 5. The editorials also expressed strong interests in research area. The areas of the needed research most suggested by items are; (1) development of effective health care delivery system, (2) establishment of more practical system of calculating medical cost, (3) implementation of effective policies to control degenerative diseases, (4) division of medical care services and pharmaceutical services systems, (5) effective ways to prevent Co poisoning accidents, (6) changing status of environmental pollution and its effects upon health, and (7) status of occupational diseases, and so forth. 6. There were some editorials -not small in quantity -that have risk to mislead the public opinions as well as the health policies due to lack of professional knowledge of the writers. It is desirable to establish some kind of mechanism that screens the erroneous contents of the editorials to help prevent misleading opinions.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

A new type of reinforced earth wall(REW) system is developed with vegetated facing which provides proper environment for long-term vegetation and also applicable to high retaining wall system. Vegetated retaining wall is a green alternative for retaining walls and an effective way to reduce heat island effect than conventional block or concrete systems. Several construction sites using vegetated facing is observed to monitor adaptation state of vegetation and estimate surface temperature of wall facing over two years. It was observed that a number of plants including Siberian chrysanthemum adapt well to the inside of the facing blocks because vegetation bag helps to keep a proper condition for vegetation. According to the results using thermographic camera, average surface temperature of vegetated facing is higher for all ranges of coverage ratio of vegetation. The increment of average surface temperature of vegetated facing is larger than that of non-vegetated facing when the air temperature rises, and vice versa.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.15-21
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• 2016

Nowadays, some studies have been performed for rockbolt method widely used in Korea. To make large slopes, tunnels or rock structures stable, supporting systems, such as anchor bolt, rock bolt which are developed recently, are commonly used. In this study, laboratory pullout tests were carried out to compare the characteristics of rock bolt that is most widely used with ones of rock bolt by newly developed circular model testers. Re-pullout test for the rock bolt in which loading and unloading cycles are repeated several times showed that the maximum pullout load is almost constant irrespective of the number of loading cycles, which may be due to no failure between rock bolt and filler that is filled with soils and concrete as a substitute. A development of rock bolt fillers as supporters using to protect people in tunnels and slopes is reviewed as a probable man-made hazard after excavation works. The functions of the grouted rock bolts associated with reinforcement effects also should be assessed in this study, which develop the sealing apparatus preventing from overflowing mortar out of a rock bolt hole for securing safety in the tunnel and slopes in order to secure stability named the sealing packer.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

This study is to analyze the performance of SWH(Solar Water Heating) and GSHP(Ground Source Heat Pump) systems by evaluating their energy efficiency and LCC(Life Cycle Cost) as being applied to the OO hall as a selected building in the Army. The OO hall, used as bathrooms, dining rooms, accommodations and offices, has reinforced concrete structure system with three floors above the ground and one underground, and its total floor area is approximately 2,917$m^2$. Two energy simulations are conducted to predict the yearly cooling and heating energy of the selected building: One is for analysis of an air-conditioning energy consumption using the e-Quest program, and another is for two new-renewable energy facilities as a water heating source using the RETScreen. The installed capacity of two new-renewable energy facilities is determined according to the 5% level of total standard construction cost. As a briefly result, SWH system is more energy-effective than GSHP system. Considering the break-even point, it is expected that SWH can take only 3 years 11 months to pay for itself in savings while the investment of GSHP can be recovered in more than 16 years 6 months.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

Recent complex visual culture is the visual world widely magnified according to the images like image, graphics, photograph, movie, and television, etc. by the development of digital technology. Because it conveys meanings and contents inserting sound and letters, it may have multimedia character conveying and communicating information beyond general language and letters. The vision for various images at that time is inseparably connected with language. And imaginative order of image and vision are composed of special way in culture and history. Language is different in society, culture, and history. Accordingly, if visual experience is communicated with language partially, it is difficult to have university. So, role of linguistic order plays an important role in forming and defining the social and cultural differences among the visual systems. Historically various visual and optical devices with this visual language have influenced a lot. These visual technologies are concrete and physical practice determining a way to get together with the subject and the visible object in the visible world. The visual language is connected with dimension like these symbols of images and the dimension like visual technologies to series of historical physical and institutional practices. It determines social visual mode toward object world in one of visual system. Accordingly, this study is to understand visual language with social and historical character according to the changed concept and characters as development of media technology. And it is to explain it in view of visual language as a dimension of symbol and visual technology of institutional and physical practice. After all, it cannot explain the effect on the function and visual mode of visual technology as its technical element only. It also cannot separate with the practice with coherent discourse and the physical and institutional practice. The possibility, technical element of technology contains, does not realize as it is but the effect is always communicated in the social veins and realized with a restriction.