• 공업화학
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.1030-1035
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 시판용 99.8% 금속알루미늄을 황산전해액에서 정전류 방식에 막을 제조하는 실험을 하였다. 반응온도 $20^{\circ}C$에서 $150C/cm^2$의 전기량으로 양극산화를 함에 있어 전해질에 의한 막의 용해작용을 저하시킬 목적으로 전해질 속에 알루미늄 이온의 형태로 존재할 수 있는 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, $AlPO_4$, $Al(NO_3)_3$를 첨가제로 사용하였다. 황산 전해질의 농도를 5, 10, 15, 20 wt%로 전류밀도를 10, 20, 30, 40, $50mA/cm^2$로 조절하여 양극산화를 할 때 각 전해조에 첨가제를 각각 5, 10, 15, 20 g/L를 용해시켜 막제조에 따른 첨가제의 종류 및 양의 영향을 고찰하고자 하였다. 전해질과 공통이온으로 존재하는 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$를 첨가제로 사용하여 양극산화를 하여 막 표면에 손상이 없는 다공성 알루미나 막을 얻을 수 있었으며, 그 외 첨가제에서는 각 실험조건에서 막의 표면이 심하게 손상되어 첨가제로서 효과를 얻을 수 없었다. 한편, 동일한 전해질의 농도, 전류밀도 조건에서 $Al_2(SO_4)_3$의 첨가량에 따른 세공직경의 변화는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

This study focused on a comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the springtime air quality influenced by both artificial (particulate matter (PM) and asbestos) and biological (pollen) sources in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. An intensive measurement of PM was conducted at four characteristic sites (i.e., a heavy traffic area, a residential area, an industrial area, and a desolate area) in the Fukuoka Prefecture during spring of 2007. Analysis of major ionic species in $PM_{2.5}$ was performed by an Ion Chromatography, and asbestos and pollen were identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ($65.3{\mu}gm^{-3}$) measured in an industrial area (site C) was extraordinarily high compared to those monitored in other areas; it greatly exceeded the Japan's $PM_{2.5}$ criteria (a daily average of $35{\mu}gm^{-3}$). NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion model suggests that this high level of $PM_{2.5}$ monitored at site C is unlikely to affect the Asian continent. The ambient concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$-related anions ($NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$) and their relative contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ were also investigated in four study areas. The concentrations of these major water-soluble ions exhibit not only strong spatial dependence but also different ratios to each other. Asbestos fiber (crocidolite and amosite) concentration values changed in the range of 2.5 to 14.4 f per liter of air. The number of pollen grains showed that Cedar ranked higher in concentration than other types of pollen, with the maximum concentration at site A.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.292-302
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• 2009

페놀 습식산화에 미치는 반응온도($150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$), 산소분압(25.8~75.0 bar) 및 초기 pH(1.0~12.0)의 영향을 10 g/l의 페놀 초기농도를 사용하여 조사하였다. 습식산화속도는 화학적 산소요구량 COD를 이용하여 산출하였으며 반응 중간 생성물들을 고성능액체크로마토그래피를 사용하여 측정하였다. 습식산화 중 페놀 분해속도는 페놀에 대하여 1차 반응차수를 나타냈으며, COD 변화는 lumped 모델로 잘 묘사할 수 있었다. 금속이온($Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Ce^{3+}$) 균일촉매의 습식산화 중 페놀 분해속도 및 COD 제거속도에 미치는 영향도 조사하였다. 페놀 분해속도 및 COD 제거속도는 $CuSO_4$를 사용한 촉매습식산화에서 가장 크게 나타났으며 촉매농도를 증가시킴에 따라 증가하였다. 습식산화 중 생성되는 개미산의 분해속도는 반응온도 및 $CuSO_4$ 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 증가하였다. 난분해성 생성물 초산의 최종농도는 반응온도를 증가시킴에 따라 증가하였으나 $CuSO_4$ 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 감소하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of salinization of groundwater at the estern area of Cheju island. For this purpose, the major ions of groundwater, spring water are analyzed. The concentration of $Cl^-$ and Na^++K^+$/ contained in the groundwater at near the coastline are higher than those at inland area away from the coastline. The water quality components of groundwater observed at this area can be classified into 4 types such as Na-Cl, $HCO_3, Na-Cl-HCO_3$ and Ca-HCO$_3$. The concentration ratio of $SO_4^1 to Cl^- is 0.1354(R^2=0.972)$ at this area. This value is very similar with Dittomer's ratio of 0.13. For Na^+, K^+, and Mg^{2+}/ versus Cl^-$, their ratios also show a significant relationship between sea water and groundwater in this area. From the chloride-bicarbonate ratio, it can be estimated that the intrusion distance of seawater from coastline to inland area is 2.8km at Onpyung-Nansan, Sangdo and Pyungdae areas, and 5.4km at Kosung-Susan area. The mixing ratio between seawater and fresh water by the intrusion of seawater is decreased with the distance toward inland from coastline. This ratio(fresh water : seawater) is 80:20 in spring water adjacent the coastlines, Onpyung area and 99.8:0.2 in the well at No.3 of Susan located at inland away from the coastline. The concentration of $Na^+$ observed at field is 25~45% lower than that theoretically calculated by this mixing ratio. Based on the data of EC, the equipotential line of 500$\mu$mhos/cm is located at 4~5km poing at Kosung-Susan area and 2.5km point at the other area. The equation of correlation between $Cl^-$ concentration and EC values is $Cl^-$=0.1927EC-16.683 for the area lower than 500 $\mu$mhos/cm and $Cl^-$=0.2773EC for the area beyond 500 $\mu$mhos/cm.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.272-276
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• 2008

In submicron MOSFET devices, maintaining the ratio between the channel length (L) and the channel depth (D) at 3 : 1 or larger is known to be critical in preventing deleterious short-channel effects. In this study, n-type SOI-MOSFETs with a channel length of $0.1\;{\mu}m$ and a Si film thickness (channel depth) of $0.033\;{\mu}m$ (L : D = 3 : 1) were virtually fabricated using a TSUPREM-4 process simulator. To form functioning transistors on the very thin Si film, a protective layer of $0.08\;{\mu}m$-thick surface oxide was deposited prior to the source/drain ion implantation so as to dampen the speed of the incoming As ions. The p-type boron doping concentration of the Si film, in which the device channel is formed, was used as the key variable in the process simulation. The finished devices were electrically tested with a Medici device simulator. The result showed that, for a given channel doping concentration of $1.9{\sim}2.5\;{\times}\;10^{18}\;cm^{-3}$, the threshold voltage was $0.5{\sim}0.7\;V$, and the subthreshold swing was $70{\sim}80\;mV/dec$. These value ranges are all fairly reasonable and should form a 'magic region' in which SOI-MOSFETs run optimally.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.712-718
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 비교적 청정지역인 홍천 계방산지역내의 장거리이동에 따른 대기오염물질의 유입정도를 알아보고자 이 지역 내의 강수를 채취하여 산도(pH) 및 이온분석을 실시하였다. 분석 자료에 대한 이온수지와 전기전도도(EC) 검토에서 신뢰성이 확인되었고 홍천 계방산지역 내 강수산도(pH)는 산성우의 기준이 되는 pH5.6 이하의 범위인 pH5.0~5.5 범위에 집중적으로 나타났다. 대체적으로 강수량이 많을수록 이온농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 산성원인물질의 증감과 중화물질에 따라 강수산도(pH)의 증감에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 강수중 이온성분의 조성비율을 살펴보면 음이온은 $SO_4^{2-}$와 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$, 양이온은 $NH_4^+$와 $nss-Ca^{2+}$가 많은 비율을 차지하였다. 특히 대기오염물질 배출원이 거의 없는 홍천 계방산지역에서 인위적 오염물질인 $SO_4^{2-}$와 토양의 유입원인물질인 $Ca^{2+}$의 농도가 높았던 결과를 통해 이곳의 강수 화학성이 장거리 이동성 물질에 의해 영향을 받고 있음을 추정할 수 있다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

This study investigated physicochemical and optical characteristics for three episodes of Asian dust, stagnant haze and long-range transport haze and for one clean day. $PM_{10}$ mass concentration during Asian dust and two haze days was increased by 2~9 times compared to that of clean episode. During Asian dust episode, coarse particle concentration was increased and the mass concentration of calcium in a coarse mode ($1.8{\sim}10{\mu}m$) was $5.4{\mu}g/m^3$ which was 7 times higher than that of clean episode. The calcium was presented as a form of $CaCO_3$ in a coarse mode. During the two haze episodes, fine particle (< $1.8{\mu}m$) concentration was increased and secondary inorganic pollutants such as sulfate, ammonium and nitrate composed of 90% of the total ions. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ were dominant in a fine mode for stagnant haze episode. But they were the most dominant form in both fine mode and coarse mode for long-range transport haze episode. According to the optical properties for each episode (Asian dust, stagnant haze and long-range transport haze) were classified as dust, black carbon and mixture, respectively.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1961

It is important to study hydrazine because of the development of new uses for its derivatives. The Rasching method is the only satisfactory one for synthesizing hydrazine; it involves the oxidation of ammonia by sodium hypochlorite in the presence of some such catalyst as gelatin. Calcium hypochlorite was substituted for the sodium hypochlorite particularly in this work, applying agar-agar as catalyst. The results of the experiments are as follow: 1. The yield is proportional to the mole-ratio of ammonia to available chlorine in calcium hypochlorite and about 60% is obtained when the ratio is 20. 2. Agar-agar can be used as a catalyst and its proper concentration in the solution is 0.005%. 3. Proper concentration of available chlorine in the reaction solution is 0.23 mole/l. 4. The most effective condition for the reaction is a temperature of $60{\sim}65^{\circ}C.$ maintained for $20{\sim}25min$. 5. The reaction takes place equally well in either an open or closed container. 6. When calcium hypochlorite is applied in place of sodium hypochlorite, the yield of hydrazine is increased as much as 17%. 7. The yield of hydrazine is decreased by eliminating the suspension of $Ca(OH)_2$ which results from the use of calcium hypochlorite. 8. When $Ca(OH)_2$ is added to Rasching process, the yield of hydrazine is raised normally. 9. The fact that some metal ions, such as $Cu^{++},$ inhibit the formation of hydrazine was proved. 10. The suspension of $Ca(OH)_2$ acted as a remarkable adsorbent for $Cu^{++}$ like gelatin. The suspension of $Ca(OH)_2$ which results from the use of calcium hypochlorite acts as a catalyst, absorbing metal ions, to increase the yield of hydrazine. So I think that calcium hypochlorite is a more efficient oxidant than sodium hypochlorite in hydrazine syntheses.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_3호
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• pp.1733-1741
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• 2020

본 연구는 다변량 통계분석을 이용하여 다양한 기상인자가 대기 중 미세먼지(pariculate matter 10, PM10) 농도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 대기 중 PM10 농도에 따른 빗물 수질 변화를 평가하였다. 총 11회의 강우 이벤트를 대상으로 강우 전후의 대기 중 PM10 농도를 실시간 측정하였으며, 총 183개 빗물 샘플을 수집하여 pH와 EC (electrical conductivity)를 실시간 측정하고 양이온(Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+) 및 음이온(Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) 농도를 분석하였다. 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 대기 중 PM10 농도, 기상인자, 빗물 수질 간 상관관계를 규명하기 위해 주성분 분석(principal component analysis, PCA)과 피어슨 상관분석(Pearson correlation analysis)을 실시하였다. 강우 유형 1(강우 강도: > 5 mm/h)의 경우, 누적 강우량에 따른 대기 중 PM10 농도는 유의한 음의 상관관계(r = -0.55, p < 0.05)를 보였으며 대기 중 PM10 농도는 빗물 내 수용성 이온(r = 0.25) 농도와 EC (r = 0.4)를 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하며, 빗물의 pH는 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다(r = -0.7). 반면, 강우 유형 2(강우강도: <5 mm/h)의 경우, 누적강우량과 대기 중 PM10 농도는 음의 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며, 대기 중 PM10 농도와 빗물 수질 간 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2001

Cadmium (Cd) has been identified as a potential contaminant in agricultural and environmental soils. Ionic condition in the soils is an important factor to influence Cd availability. In this study, the effect of sulfate or nitrate application on Cd sorption in acidic and calcareous soils was investigated. The Cd, sulfate $(SO_4)$, and nitrate $(NO_3)$ sources were solutions of $CdCl_2$, $K_2SO_4$, and $KNO_3$, respectively. The soil-solution system pH was affected by the application of sulfate or nitrate in both acidic and calcareous soil system, but there was not clear pH difference between pre- and simultaneous applications of sulfate or nitrate (PAS/PAN or SAS/SAN). Solution ionic strength (I) values were similar between the acid and calcareous soil systems after applying the Cd even though it was significantly different in the untreated control soils. However after applying the sulfate or nitrate, the I values increased and were always higher with SAS/SAN treatments. Solution Cd concentration also increased with the application of sulfate or nitrate. However, the Cd concentration in soil solution controlled by Cd sorption in the systems was different between PAS/PAN and SAS/SAN treatments only in the calcareous soil system, but not in the acidic soil system. The difference in Cd concentration between SAS/SAN and PAS/PAN in the calcareous systems may be caused by system pH, ionic strength, complexation, and predominately, competition of the $Cd^{2-}$ with the index $K^+$ ion. Potassium ion-Cd competition in the acidic soil system may be minimized because of the abundance of hydrogen ions.