• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2009

The process of atherosclerosis begins through secretion of inflammatory cytokine or adhesion of leukocyte from damage in blood vessels and transmigration. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of delphinidin chloride (DC) in the initial process of atherosclerosis on the expression of ICAM-1 (Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1) and VCAM-1 (Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1) related to adhesion of leukocyte at the HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. As a result, cell growth inhibition rate at 50 ${\mu}M$ was respectively 4, 3 and 5% without cell toxicity. As a result of morphological observation monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion assay and optical microscope carried out to measure attachment of mononuclear cells to endothelial cells induced by Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) at concentrations without cell toxicity, DC concentration-dependently suppressed attachment. When effects on the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, cell adhesion molecules induced from endothelial cells by TNF-$\alpha$, were comparatively analyzed using western blot analysis and RT-PCR methods, protein of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and expression at the level of mRNA were concentration-dependently reduced. Taken together, the results of this studies provide evidence that DC possess an anti-metastatic activity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2004

Amitrole in environment, difficult to be analyzed by GC or GC/MS due to high polarity and low volatility, was analyzed by LC/ESI/MS in the study. Maximum peak intensity of amitrole in LC/MS/ESI mass spectrum is m/z 85 of protonated molecular ion $(M+H)^+$ with 30V of cone voltage at SIR mode. It was confirmed that ratios between main ion of amitrole, 85 of protonated molecular ion, and m/z 58 fragmented ion of amitrole, had increased corresponding with the increment of cone voltage from 20V to 70V. The isotope molecular weight of amitrole was $86([M+H])^+$ at LC/MS analysis and the mass spectrum ratio between 85 mass and 86 mass was not different by the change of concentration but similar to theoretical ratio(less than 10% standard deviation).The linearity of standard calibration curve under same condition with sample treatment method had $y=1.09354e^6X+26947.2$ and $r^2=0.99$. Recovery rates in water and soil samples were 77.64~83.44% and 71.11~79.44%, respectively. Reliability of the analysis was performed with 5 repeated measurements at each level of standard concentration and the result showed that relative standard deviation was less than 10%; therefore, the extraction and analysis method in the study suggested that it would be reliable to measure amitrole in water and soil media.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a Multi-metric Water Quality Assessment (MWQA) model and apply it to dataset sampled from Paldang and Daechung reservoir in 2008. The various water dataset used to this study included 5 year data sets (2003${\sim}$2007) in Korean reservoirs which were obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. In this study, suggested MWQA model has 4 metrics that were composed of 4 parameters such as chemical, physical, biological, and hydrological variables. And, each of the variables attributed total phosphorus (TP) concentration in water, secchi depth (SD) measure in water, chlorophyll-${\alpha}$(Chl-${\alpha}$) concentration in water and the ratio of inflow of water into lakes and efflux of water from lakes, input/output (I/O). First, we established the criteria for trophic boundaries. The boundary between oligotrophic and mesotrophic categories was defined by the lower third of the cumulative distribution of the values. The mesotrophic-eutrophic boundary was defined by the upper third of the distribution. Second, each metric was given by a point-oligo=1, meso=3, eu=5. And then, obtained total score from each metric was divided 5 grade-Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, and Very poor. As the results of applying the proposed MWQA model, the Paldang reservoir obtained "Fair" or "Poor" grade and Daechung reservoir obtained "Excellent" or "Good" grade. The suggested MWQA model through these procedures will enable to manage efficiently the reservoir. And, more studies such as metric numbers and attributes should be done for the accurate application of the new model.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2006

The climate of stall significantly influences on animal production ability. High concentration of ammonia gas, $CO_2$ and lots of dust are found in modern densely raising stall system, as results, they provide a negative influence on animal and farmer health, and production ability. Therefore, it is necessary to keep clean the inside air of stall to increase the productivity. An air cleaner of wet type, consisting of a fan, a motor, rotating discs, a dust collector, a water bowl, an ozone generator etc, has been developed to clean the stall air. The work principle is that the inside air is sucked through the fan, and the rotating discs make water into fineness spray and blow into the stall. The rest water flows down to the dust collector. In the present study, we measured the dust, ammonia gas, odor, temperature and humidity in a swine stall that were installed two wet air cleaners with 700 fattening swine with On-mode and Off-mode of wet air cleaners. The dust measure was divided into 3 categories, TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$. In summer, the TSP in on-mode were maximum $0.259mg/m^3$ and minimum $0.128mg/m^3$, and the average was $0.195mg/m^3$. These are comparable to the data from Off-mode stall that maximum $0.308mg/m^3$, minimum $0.139mg/m^3$, and average $0.277mg/m^3$. However, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ showed any significant differences between the tests. The concentrations of ammonia gas in Off-mode stall were maximum 13.8 ppm and minimum 5.9 ppm, and the average was 8.47 ppm. However in On-mode stall the ammonia gas concentrations were maximum 10.5 ppm and minimum 5.5 ppm, and the average was 7.63 ppm. The concentration of ammonia gas in On-mode was 10% in average lower than off-mode stall. Odor was measured by olfactometer. In the Off-mode stall, the odor unit were maximum 420 $Ou/m^3$ and minimum $300\;OU/m^3$, and the average was $367\;OU/m^3$, but in the On-mode stall the odor unit were maximum $330\;OU/m^3$ and minimum $210\;OU/m^3$, and the average was $253\;OU/m^3$. Odor removal efficiency was about 31% in On-mode stall.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

This study was carried out to measure the environmental related parameters from two types of swine houses. Indoor temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide level, ammonia concentration and emission were measures every 2 minutes from each house with portable monitoring units. Carbon dioxide concentration balance was used to estimate the ventilation rates of the different houses. Daily ammonia concentrations in the growing-finishing and farrowing houses ranged from 2 to 17 ppm and 6 to 15 ppm respectively. The daily ammonia emission rate from the manure averaged 4.37 g/h$\cdot$500 kg from growing-finishing house and 4.82 g/h$\cdot$500 kg from the farrowing house. The above findings proved that summer season was associated with higher ammonia emission rates due to higher ventilation rate and ambient air temperature.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 2003

This experimental study was performed to investigate the antifungal effects of mixture of Sophorac Subprostratae Radix, Aconti Radix, and Hibisci Syriaci Cortex by the three types of extraction in the dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum. The following results were obtained by using Minimum Inhibition Concentration(MIC) and Inhibition Zone. 1. MIC on Trichophyton mentagrophytes in Sample S-2, Sample S-3, and Sample-Y were 10${\mu}l$, respectively, showing the highest antifungal effect. 2. MIC on Epidermophyton floccosum in Sample S-2, Sample S-3, and Sample-Y were 10㎕ respectively, showing the highest antifungal effect. 3. MIC on Trichophyton rubrum in Sample S-3, Sample-Y were 10${\mu}l$ respectively, showing the highest antifungal effect. 4. The size of inhibition zone on Trichophyton mentagrophytes for Sample S-3 were 22.3mm in 10${\mu}l$, showing the highest antifungal effect. 5. The size of inhibition zone on Epidermophyton floccosum for Sample S-3 was 34.3mm in 10${\mu}l$, showing the highest antifungal effect. 6. The size of inhibition zone on Trichophyton rubrum for Sample-Y was 26.5mm in 10${\mu}l$, showing the highest antifungal effect. Whereas. in extractions, that of Sample S-3 was 12.5mm in 10${\mu}l$, showing the highest antifungal effect. 7. From the above results, Sample S-3 on Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Sample-Y on Trichophyton rubrum showed the highest antifungal effects. This results suggests that vinegar extraction excels other extraction method using water or ethanol to measure the antifungal effect on dermatophytes. In addition, the result shows that the extract of herbal medicines can be used to tinea pedis and if further study is performed, the use of the extract of herbal medicines will be valuable and beneficial in the clinical medicines. [NOTE] · S-S2 : 12-13w/v$\%$ Vinegar extract of mixture of Sophorae Subprostratae Radix, Aconti Radix, and Hibisci Syriaci Cortex. · S-S3 : 18-19w/v$\%$ Vinegar extract of mixture of Sophorae Subprostratae Radix, Aconti Radix, and Hibisci Syriaci Cortex. · S-Y : Miconazole nitrate

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2021

Liquefied Petroleum Gas is divided into liquefied gases containing propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀). The quality of LPG varies greatly depending on the composition of the mixture, so it is important to measure the composition accurately. It is difficult to determine the composition of the mixture because liquid and gas coexist at room temperature. Therefore, the uncertainty in determining the concentration of hydrocarbons by component is high, and there are many problems that differ from the actual content standard. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mixed liquid propane standard gas for the composition and accurate concentration of hydrocarbon substances. Mixed liquid propane standard gas is manufactured into bellows-type constant-pressure cylinders by ISO-6142 (2015). The homogeneity of the four standard gases manufactured was confirmed to be GC-FID. The manufacturer's uncertainty of expansion was 0.01 % to 0.30 % and homogeneity was 0.03 % to 0.25 %. In this mixed liquid propane standard gas, the relative expansion uncertainty of weight method, manufacturing consistency, cylinder adsorption and long-term stability was developed within 0.26 %-1.3 9% (95% of confidence level, k=2).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.1265-1274
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• 2021

Two field experiments were conducted to improve the conception rate of Hanwoo cow. The first experiment aimed to investigate the physiological condition of Hanwoo cows on estrus, including metabolic profiles and body condition score (BCS). The second experiment investigated the effect of a novel estrus detector on the artificial insemination (AI) conception rate for Hanwoo cows. For the first experiment, 80 Hanwoo cows (2.5 ± 0.10 of parity), approximately one month before estrus, were housed in 16 pens and offered the experimental diets twice daily with free water access. The BCS were recorded, and blood was collected from the jugular veins just before AI. The collected blood was used to measure physiological conditions, such as metabolite and hormone levels. For the second experiment, each cow was equipped with a neck-mounted estrus detector collar, which had a sensor connected through the internet. Approximately one month before estrus, three hundred sixty Hanwoo cows (2.4 ± 0.21 of parity) were assigned into groups with or without W-Tag collar treatments. The animals were managed the same as in the first experiment. The pregnancy rate reached 55% in the first experiment. The concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) was higher (p < 0.012; 1.56 vs. 1.08 ng/mL) in cows that were not pregnant (NPG) than in cows that were pregnant (PG) after AI. The BCS and other concentrations of metabolites and hormones in the blood were not different in both NPG and PG cows. The ranges of estrogen, LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone for PG cows were 11.9 to 39.0 pg/mL, < 0.25 to 1.98 ng/mL, and < 0.50 to 0.82 ng/mL, respectively. In the second experiment, cows with the estrus detector had lower days open (p < 0.001; 78.1 vs. 84.8 d), insemination frequency (p < 0.001; 1.26 vs. 2.52), and return of estrus (p < 0.001; 70.9 vs. 79.1 d) than those in cows without the estrus detector. In conclusion, the present study indicated that lower LH concentration just before AI potentially increased the pregnancy rate of Hanwoo cows. Furthermore, the application of estrus detectors to Hanwoo cows could improve the conception success rate for AI.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.56-67
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of rosemary oil inhalation on memory, attention and autonomic nervous system according to the concentration difference in the aged. The research design was non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Participants were 89 individuals aged 65 or older who live in the community. Participants inhaled almond carrier oil(control group), 10%(experimental group A) and 100%(experimental group B) rosemary oil. Memory, attention, and autonomic nervous system responses were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS win 24.0. The differences of the group and time were analyzed through repeated measure ANOVA. There were no significant differences in immediate recall (F=.42, p =.656), delayed recall (F=.45, p=.639), recognition (F=1.45, p=.242), digit span-forward (F=1.53, p=.223), digit span-backward (F=.46, p=.636), activities of sympathetic nerve system (LF)(F=.19, p=.828), activities of parasympathetic nerve system (HF)(F=.37, p=.694), LH/HF(F=1.39, p=.256), systolic blood pressure (F=.37, p=.694), diastolic blood pressure (F=1.25, p=.291). The inhalation of 10% and 100% rosemary oil for five minutes showed no significant effects on memory, attention and automatic nervous system in the aged.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the antioxidant and cancer cell growth inhibitory activities of an ethanol extract and different solvent fractions of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (ice plant). Methods: The ice plant was freeze-dried, extracted with 99.9% ethanol, and then fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The total polyphenol content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured. Assays using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide were performed to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell growth, respectively. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and cell cycle analysis were performed for the detection of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Results: TPC, TCC, RSA, and FRAP of the ethanol extract (EE) were 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, $13.2{\mu}g/g$, 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), and 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), respectively. Among the different solvent fractions, the butanol fraction (BF) showed the highest TPC (5.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), TCC ($86.6{\mu}g/g$), RSA (34.9% at 5 mg/mL), and FRAP (80.8% at 5 mg/mL). Treatment of HCT116 human colon cancer cells with EE and BF at concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ reduced the levels of intracellular ROS. Concomitantly, EE and BF resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth (at the concentrations of 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 24 ~ 48 h) and the induction of apoptosis (at the concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 48 h) in HCT116 cells. An increased G2/M cell population was also found in the BF-treated cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ice plant possesses antioxidant and growth inhibitory activities in colon cancer cells.