• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.408-419
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• 2006

A pot experiment was conducted for two years to evaluate the effects of purified Si fertilization combined with $^{15}N$ on the nutrient uptake, plant growth characteristics, and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in water melon cultivated soil. In 2002, plant height was positively affected at 25 DAT (Day After Transplanting) by Si fertilization in 100%N treatment. However, in 2003, plant height at 25 DAT was negatively affected by Si fertilization in low N level but it was reversed in high N level with initial increase of plant height. Tiller number per pot was positively affected by N and Si fertilization level, especially for high N fertilized treatment. Leaf color was positively affected by Si fertilizatlon in no N fertilized pots, however, Si was not effected in 50%N and 100%N fertilized treatments. N harvest index (NHI) increased with increased Si fertilization in no N plots, however it decreased with increasing of N fertilization level. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased with increasing of fertilized N but Si fertilization increased NUE in 50%N plots, however, it was not different by the Si fertilization level in 100%N plots. In 50%N+200%Si plots, NUE was greatest with 130 and shoot N content was $16.2g-N/m^{2}$. N content ($g/m^{2}$) in rice plant increased with increasing Si fertilization in no N plots at panicle initiation stage, 50 and 100%N plots at heading stage and all N treatment at harvesting time. This was mostly more efficient in late growth stage than early growth stage. The concentration (%) of P and K increased with increasing N fertilization level at heading and harvesting but it was not significantly different by the Si fertilization treatment except a little decreasing with increasing Si fertilization level at heading. Potassium content was also not significantly related with N fertilization level except increasing with Si fertilization level at panicle initiation stage. Plant Ca content (%) decreased with increasing of Si fertilization at heading stage and Si fertilization increased Ca content at panicle initiation stage and heading stage and it increased with increasing of Si fertilization level. Photosynthetic activity was not directly related with Si fertilization amount, however, Fluorescent factors, Fv'/Fm' and PsII, were positively affected by Si fertilization level. In conclusion, N fertilization in Si 200% fertilized condition should be reduced by about 50% level of recommended N fertilization for rice cropping in green-house water-melon cultivated paddy field. However, improvement of Ps by Si fertilization could not be attributed to Ps activity in the same leaf area but because of increased total leaf area per pot improved fluorescent characteristics.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2017

In this study, antioxidative activities and cellular protective effects of 70% ethanol extracts and fractions from lavender were evaluated. The scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of free radical (1,1-phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) was 46.6, 45.5 and $477.5{\mu}g/mL$ in the 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction, respectively. The reactive oxygen species scavenging activities (${OSC_{50}$) of 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction were 8.1, 3.3 and $17.6{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and they showed lower antioxidative activity than that of using L-ascorbic acid ($1.5{\mu}g/mL$). However, the aglycone fraction showed higher photohemolysis protective effect than that of using the 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction. At $50{\mu}M$ concentration, the cellular protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$) of 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction from lavender was 70.6, 87.2 and 165.2 min, respectively. In particular, the lavender aglycone fraction showed 3.8 times higher cellular protective effect than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. The lavender fractional components including luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, vitextin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and apigenin were identified using TLC and LC-MS. However, the lavender aglycone fraction did not show any significant increase in flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin) compared to that of the ethyl acetate fraction. In conclusion, it is suggested that lavender may be applied as an antioxidant material in cosmetic industries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

Estrogen can promote or inhibit cellular proliferation depending on tissue cell types and physiological condition and acts through the signal transduction pathways mediated primarily by estrogen receptors. This study examined the effects of fulvestrant (Ful), a well-known antagonist for the estrogen receptor, on the action of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) with respect to the proliferation and apoptosis of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. We used different concentrations of E2, Ful, and E2 plus Ful during different treatment durations. Treatment with 15-40 ${\mu}M$ E2 significantly inhibited proliferation in a time-dependent manner, although it had no influence in concentrations up to 1 ${\mu}M$. Interestingly, Ful at 10-40 ${\mu}M$ also inhibited cellular proliferation in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, Ful enhanced rather than decreased the inhibitory effect on cellular proliferation by E2 in combined treatment for 10 days. Thus, Ful does not appear to have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells. In TUNEL assays to confirm DNA fragmentation by E2 and/or Ful, CHO cells treated with 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 showed a TUNEL-positive reaction in most DAPI-stained nuclei, and cells treated with either 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful or 40 ${\mu}M$ Ful plus 20 ${\mu}M$ E2 also exhibited a TUNEL-positive reaction but at a lower rate compared to the E2-treated cells. These results indicate that Ful does not have an antagonistic effect on estrogen's anti-proliferative action in CHO cells, suggesting that the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-related mechanism(s) through DNA fragmentation by E2 and Ful may be mediated by different signal transduction pathways.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1320-1329
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• 2016

The present study examined the cytotoxic effects of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (PGG), known as the pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose, in the various human cancer cell lines (A-549, MDA-MB-231, U87-MG, MCF-7 and PANC-1), normal MRC-5 fetal fibroblasts, and dental papilla tissue- derived mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs). Significantly (p<0.05) lower half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values were observed in the A-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells showing a high proliferation capacity, compared with other cancer and normal cell lines with a relatively low proliferation capacity. The population doubling time (PDT) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the $10{\mu}M$ PGG-treated cell lines than those of untreated control cell lines. The present study demonstrated that the $IC_{50}$ value increases proportionally to the extending PDT. A high cell number with senescence-associated ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity was also observed in the $10{\mu}M$ PGG-treated cells compared with those of untreated control cells. Moreover, the level of telomerase activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with $10{\mu}M$ PGG treatment, especially in A-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells showing a high proliferation capacity. Based on these observations, PGG could serve as a potent agent for cancer chemotherapy, as its treatment was more effective in cells with a high proliferation capacity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.221-232
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deficiency of essential amino acid in diet on feed intake and concentrations of free amino acid in plasma and brain(prepyriform cortex, PPC), and thereby to know the brain area engaged in the mechanism of feed intake regulation. In all trials, experimental diets were formulated with pure amino acid mixture to level of 15% nitrogen. Rats were trained to eat a single meal for 6 hours daily(meal feeding, 17:00-21:00). Feed intake and body weight were measured hourly on and after 7th day of feeding. In Exp. 1, feed intake and body weight were measured every hour, and the free amino acid concentrations of plasma and PPC were analysed at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 h on the 11th day of feeding. In Exp. 2, the complete diet was replaced with lysine devoid diet at the 11th day, and feed intake, body weight and free amino acid concentrations in plasma and PPC were samely measured on Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, feed intake on complete diet was self-sufficiented to daily feed intake level(15g/day) from the 7th day. Free amino acid concentrations of plasma and PPC at the 11th day were plateau at 1 hour after feeding. In Exp. 2, feed intake was quickly reduced by the diet replacement(P$<$0.05), and the free lysine concentration of plasma and PPC was also significantly decreased at 2 hour after feeding. However, cumulative feed intake was significantly decreased at 4 hour after feeding. These results may indicate that the concentrations of free lysine in plasma and PPC, under the condition of devoided lysine in diet, were more quickly droped than the reduction of feed intake rate. Hence, it is expected that PPC in brain might be a part of response area for limited amino acid.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) from various geographic origins and the effects of their dietary supplementation on performance of broiler chickens. Nutritional value of dehulled SBM originating from USA, and non-dehulled SBM from India (IND), Argentina (ARG) and Korea (KOR) were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition, urease activity (UA) and KOH solubility, and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true amino acid availability (TAAA). The contents of crude protein ranged from 45.43% (ARG) to 48.47% (USA) and those of crude fiber varied widely from 3.48% (USA) to 7.12% (IND). The measurements of lysine varied from 2.79% (IND) to 3.09% (USA) and those of methionine from 0.56% (IND) to 0.65% (USA). The values of TMEn varied from 2986.6 kcal/kg (IND) to 3228.9 kcal/kg (USA) and the averages of TAAA were from 91.61% (IND) to 92.27% (USA). UA was found to be from 0.02 (ARG) to 0.04 (KOR, USA) and those of KOH solubility from 73% (ARG) to 84% (USA). A total of four hundred 20-days-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 27.5% of SBM and same amounts of lysine and sulfur amino acids for 15 days. Final body weight and body weight gain were the highest in birds fed with SBM from USA and lowest in birds fed with SBM from IND although the differences were not statistically significant. The feed/gain in chicks fed diet containing SBM from USA was significantly improved (p<0.05) compared to those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and the concentration of total cholesterol in serum among the treatments. The results of in vitro assay and bioassay agreed with the performance of broiler chicks, and thus there were close correlation between the broiler performance and the measured nutritive values of SBM. In conclusion, dehulled SBM from USA was superior to non- dehulled SBM from ARG and IND with regard to nutritive values.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 1978

Squid was dried on the fluidized-bed in the drying chamber filled with solid particles which were also fluidized with hot-air, and effects of the fluidized particles, the squid's height from the grid and the drying temperature on the drying rate and quality of the squid were observed The mechanism of moisture transfer during the falling rate period was also derived. 1. Sodium chloride was found to be the most suitable fluidized particles and at an air velocity of 3.8 m/sec, optimal fluidization state of this particle was obtained. 2. Uniform profiles of temperature were obtained at a point 4 cm above the grid and the location of squid on the fluidized-bed observed to be suitable when it was 4 cm above the grid. 3. At an air velocity of 3.8 m/sec and when the location height of the squid on the fluidized-bed was 4 cm, the optimal temperature for the drying time which is required to reduce the moisture from 80.8% to 18-22% was 8.5 hours. 4. Drying data followed the empirical equation of unsteady state diffusion $log\;(\frac{W-We}{Wc-We})=-m{\theta}$ in the region of the moisture contents measured and the drying constant (m) was calculated as $0.32hr^{-1}$. These results suggested that the migration of moisture during the falling rate period is due to a diffusion type mechanism. 5. The short constant rate period was observed in the early stage and thereafter, drying was controlled by the falling rate period, and the time ratio of the fluidized bed drying to the through circulation drying for reducing the squid's moisture contents to the same level at the same drying temperature was 1 : 1.4 6. Comparisons of fluidized-bed dried squid and sun dried squid in sale showed that there was no significant change in qualities such as external appearance and hydrogen ion concentration of dry product.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2002

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and contents of mineral nutrients in an orchardgrass sward affected by the compost lime, and phosphorus applications on the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils. This 2nd part was concerned with the effect of lime application(L$_{0}$=control, L$_1$=279, L$_2$=54g CaCO$_3$/pot). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There were considerable differences between the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils in the soil chemical properties as follows in general; poor/common in the newly reclaimed soil longrightarrow and common/good in the arable pasture soil in terms of soil fertility standard. 2. It was recognized that the lime application was resulted in somewhat decrease of the concentrations of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ and increase of P$_2$O$_{5}$ absorbtion coefficient in the newly reclaimed soil, whereas these negative effects were positively enhanced by both lime and compost applications. The concentrations of exchangeable Ca and mg in both soils were increased by lime application. 3. The vigour at early growth stage of orchardgrass was better in the arable pasture soil than newly reclaimed soil. It was worsened by the heavy lime application(L$_2$), but this negative effect was positively enhanced by both lime and compost application. 4. Compared with the non-lime application, the forage yields of L$_1$ treatment were increased in both soils by 15~18%. whereas it of L$_2$ treatment was similar or lower than it of L$_1$. 5. The concentrations of Ca, mg, and P in orchardgrass were relatively higher in the arable pasture soil than the newly reclaimed soil, whereas there it was no difference in the K concentration. It was recognized that the concentrations of mg and Ca in orchardgrass were higher in the L$_1$ treatment than the Lo treatment in both soils, whereas there were no difference in it between L$_1$ and L$_2$ treatments.ments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1985

The effects of morphological development and environmental temperature on synthesis and accumulation behavior of cell-wall constituents were studied in maize cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Sioux and Pioneer 931 at Muenchen Technical University from 1979 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum plants were grown on field and phytotron at 4 temperature regimes of 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C and mid-summer sunlight over 13-hour days. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Cell-wall constituents in sorghum and maize plants were shown to have a great synthesis rates at early growth stage from growing point differentiation to final leaf visible. The highest concentration of cell wall contents were found at heading stage with 52-54% and 64-68% of neutral detergence fiber, and 30% and 45% of acid detergence fiber foe maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. The structural carbohydrates, cellulose and hemicellulose, were found as a main components of cell-wall constituents. Cellulose were mainly accumulated in stalks, while hemicellulose were an important cell wall components in leaves and panicle. 3. Synthesis rates of cell-wall constituents and non-strnctural carbohydrates were associated with increasing of temperature. Reserved carbohydrates such as fructosan, mono - and dissaccharose in plant were, however, declined when the temperature exceeded 30 deg C, during the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were increased continuously. 4. Cell-wall constituents lowered digestibility and net energy accumulation in sorghum and maize plants. In a in vitro and in vivo trial, it was found a negative correlation between digestion dry matter and cell wall constituents, especially cellulose and lignin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2007

The effects of chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) treatment on the quality changes of pork and beef were examined. Pork belly and beef tenderloin samples were treated with 30, 50, and 100 ppm of $ClO_2$ solution, respectively, and stored at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The $ClO_2$ treatment of pork and beef during storage decreased total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold counts with increasing concentration of $ClO_2$. The total aerobic bacterial counts for the pork belly treated at 100 ppm of $ClO_2$ increased from 1.48 log CFU/g immediately following treatment to 4.73 log CFU/g after 10 days, while the control increased from 2.19 log CFU/g to 6.22 log CFU/g. For the beef tenderloin, the total aerobic bacterial counts increased from 3.98 log CFU/g to 5.97 log CFU/g after 10 days, and a $ClO_2$ treatment at 100 ppm resulted in an increase from 3.13 log CFU/g to 4.73 log CFU/g. The pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of the $ClO_2-treated$ pork and beef, as well as the control groups, increased during storage, and there were no significant changes among the treatments. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of the $ClO_2-treated$ samples were slightly higher than those of the control. Sensory evaluation results showed that the pork and beef samples were not acceptable at day 8 and 6 of storage, respectively. These results indicate that $ClO_2$ treatment could be useful in improving microbial safety and quality of both pork and beef.