• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2010

Small wetlands in an upland matrix can support diverse vegetation composition that increase both local and regional species richness. In this study we characterize the full range of wetland vegetation in an upland forest landscape at Dumyeong-ri, Gijang-gun, Busan. This wetland index can be calculated with species data, or with community type data as performed. Classified community types were used to describe vegetation at three wetlands and adjacent areas. The communities contained 28 species of vascular plants and 28 species were identified four plant community types. The Pinus densiflora type was dominated by Pinus densiflora and contained only four species. None of the plots had high proportion of standing water. The Carpinus laxiflora type had high obligate upland species (OU) and facultative upland species (FU). The Rhododendron mucronulatum type grew in over half of the plots included Pinus densiflora and Alnus japonica. Some species bother swampy areas adjacent to site C. The Miscanthus sacchariflorus type consisted of seasonal wetlands. The three sites contained nine species with the strongest indicator species being Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Miscanthus sinensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Sagittaria aginashi. This type had the highest proportions of obligate wetland species. Plant species richness averaged 5.069. Shannon-Weaver index of diversity also varied among the community types (F=22.7, df=4, 115), with the types FU having significantly higher value (2.746) than the others (1.057 for type FW and 1.600 for type OU). Regional plans including all of the diverse types of wetland vegetation in upland forests will contribute substantially to the conservation of plant diversity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.97 no.6
• /
• pp.597-604
• /
• 2008

Recognizing the necessity of the development of ecologically sound silvicultural system for the mature Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), this study was carried out to examine the invasion and growth of understory vegetation after partial cutting. In 1997, the age class VII Korean pine forest in the Experimental Forest of Kangwon National University was opened up about 50% by modified shelterwood cutting with site preparation to induce succeeding regenerations. After 10 years, plenty of hardwood have come to the stand, forming understory vegetation. The abundance and composition of understory vegetation was periodically investigated in the ten $10m{\times}10m$ permanent sample plots, estimating importance values, species diversity index and the distribution of diameter and height of the understory vegetation. Encouraged by canopy opening, the coverage of understory reached perfect closure, composed of 22 tree species and 20 shrub species in 2007. Morus bombycis occupied 29.6% of the total importance value and Cornus controversa was 17.0%, followed by Styrax obassia, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis. In the year of 2000 the species diversity was highest as 2.547 with 26 tree species and deceasing thereafter, showing 2.220 with 22 tree species in 2007. As understory layer was thickly covered and got grow bigger, some shade intolerant species were disappeared, lowering species diversity. In 2007 the biggest tree was a Quercus aliena with 11.3 cm of DBH and the tallest tree was a Cornus controversa with 9.8m of height. The frequency distribution of number of trees by diameter and height classes formed the inverted-J-shaped curve, supposed to be typical uneven-aged stand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2012

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 65 items, including greenbelt area and naturalness. Naturalness means original state of nature, and it is one of the most important evaluation items for conserving nature. The criteria of naturalness includes the Degree of Green Naturality (DGN) made by MOE. Using the data which has been not updated is a problem of accuracy for ECVAM. Therefore, this study would like to improve the criteria of naturalness. To improve the criteria, the study examined the effectiveness of DGN using field survey. The results of analysis the naturalness without DGN, some area changed grade of naturalness have been already damaged or cleared for agriculture and industrial purposes. The grade of naturalness should be included the concept of vegetation transition like DGN. The study suggested a improved method using vegetation type (natural and planted forest), forest age, and the grade of vegetation conservation. The method was reviewed by experts and field survey. After applying the method in South Korea, the grade of naturalness were distributed evenly like GradeI is 38.87%, GradeII is 37.62%, GradeIII is 23.51%, respectively. From the results of field survey, over 4 grade of forest age in natural forest showed similar pattern of structure and composition in original forests. Therefore, the improved criteria explained the naturalness better than existing criteria, and the accuracy of ECVAM has been improved more.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.50-68
• /
• 2000

This study was to estabilish the composition and vegetation of vascular plants on natural mashes in Wondae-ri(710m: $37^{\circ}$ 58' 30" N, $128^{\circ}$ 12' 15" E), This work was conducted from April to October, 1999. Vascular plants were composed of 71 families, 175 genera, 228 species, 1 subspecies, 33 varieties and 3 formae, totaling 265 taxa. Among the investigated vascular plants, 19 families, 24 genera, 31 species, 5 varieties, 1 formae, totaling 37 taxa (13.9%) were hydrophytes and hygrophytes. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 community and 2 subcommunities ; A. Phragmites japonica community A-1. Salix gracilistyla-Impatiens noli-tangere subcommunity A-2. Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora-Artemisia capillaris subcommunity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.264-274
• /
• 2020

This study aims to clarify the diversity and distribution characteristics of plant communities in four small mountain wetlands located in the high altitude area of Cheonchuk Mountain within the Wangpicheon Basin Ecological Landscape Conservation Area in Seomyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. A total of 26 vegetation data were collected according to the Z.-M. school's phytosociological vegetation survey method considering the homogeneity of habitat type and species composition. Four physiognomic vegetation types composed of 9 syntaxa was confirmed through vegetation classification according to dominant correlation and vegetation type classification considering species composition. The Iris ensata var. spontanea-Molinia arundinacea community is a dominant plant community representing the research area. After human use, vegetation is developing through natural transition in a homogeneous location left unattended, but the distribution of other plant communities was rarely observed due to the narrow wetland area. The microtopography and hydrological environment of each wetland were identified as key factors affecting the diversity and distribution of vegetation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.194-199
• /
• 2013

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of transitional boundary on community composition and soil carbon stock. Five vegetation types were recognized horizontally along the transitional strip based on the dominance of tree species i.e., Pure Anogeissus latifolia forest (P.AL), mixed Pinus roxburghii and Lannea coromandelica forest (M.PR&LC), pure Pinus roxburghii forest (P.PR), mixed Pinus roxburghii and Lannea coromandelica (M.PR&LC) and pure Anogeissus latifolia forest (P.AL). The results revealed that Anogeissus latifolia was reported dominant tree in the outer transitional boundaries of the forest, which reduced dominance of trees towards middle where Pinus roxburghii was found dominant. The soil carbon stock was reported higher in the Anogeissus latifolia dominant forest and reduced with the dominance of Pinus roxburghii in the middle site. Both the species are growing close to one another and competing for survival, but the aggressive nature of Anogeissus latifolia particular in this region may change new growth of Pinus roxburghii and will enhance soil carbon stock. But high anthropogenic pressure on Anogeissus latifolia tree species could be limited chance to further its flourish.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 1997

A study of forest vegetation in Mt. $T\v{o}kyu$ National Park was investigated by ordination technique. By TWINSPAN(Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis) method, 10 groups were recognized as follows: pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Quercus mongolica-Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldi-amum, Quercus mongolica-Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus mandshurica and Taxus cuspidata groups. The floristic composition of these groups showed high correlation to soil moisture(r=0.831), altitude(r=0.784), topography(r=-0.722), organic matter(r=0.642), and pH(r=-0.509) among various environmental factors. According to the results of CCA(Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Pinus densiflora group and Quercus variabilis group were situated in a xeric area at a lower altitude where soil nutrients were poor compared with the other groups. Fraxinus mandshurica group was distributed throughout the valley with high soil moisture and good nutrients, Quercus serrata group and Carpinus laxiflora group were found in the low altitude region with good nutrients, Quercus mongolica group, at the high altitude region with good nutrients, and Quercus mongolica-Acer koreana and Taxus cuspidata at higher altitudes(1, 400-1600 m).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 1990

To investigate the actual vegetation in Sokri mountain area, which consists of Sokri Mt. National Park, forest communities were classified by phytosocialogical analysis according to species composition and physiognomy. Actual vegetation map was drawn on the basis of classified forest communities. The forest communities in Mt. Sokri were classified as follows : 1. Pinus densiflora community 1) P. densiflora-Rhododedron mucronulatum subcommunity 2) P. densiflora-Rhododendron schippenbachii subcomminity 3) P. densiflora-Lespedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 4) P. densiflora-Sasa borealis subcommunity 2. P. densiflora-Quercus serrata community 3. P. densiflora-Q. variabilis community 4. Quercus serrata community 5. Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community 6. Carpinus laxiflora community 7. Quercus mongolica community 1) Typical subcommunity 2) Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 3) Q. mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity 8. Fraxinus rhynchophylla community 9. Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa community 10. Quercus variabilis community

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.85-102
• /
• 2021

Phytosociological characteristics on Quercus acutissima forests distribution in Daechong-dam basin survey has been carried out using Z.-M. School's methodology and numerical-classification analyses. A total of 43 phytosociological relevés were sampled. Syntaxa were described as Oplismenus undulatifolius-Quercus acutissima community(typicum subcommunity, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica subcommunity, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community and Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community (typicum subcommunity, Castanea crenata subcommunity). The above three plant communities were classified with species composition reflecting local environmental characteristics of mountain topographies, inclination degrees, and rock exposure rates. Conclusively, those communities were recognized as secondary vegetation affected by high intensity and frequency of human impacts as they inhabited in southward hill lands and low lying grounds in mountains adjacent to human settlements and arable lands. Quercus acutissima community was classified as rural type syntax based on their inlandward distribution and species composition differences from urban forests. Afforest process and natural succession were discussed in relation with habitat environmental elements of Quercus acutissima forest in the survey area.