• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2017

The recently released the $8^{th}$ edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging Manual introduces significant modifications from the prior $7^{th}$ edition. In this paper, the contents of the new changes in the decision of cancer of the head and neck is summarized except changes in staging of skin and thyroid cancer. In addition to the 8th edition, 1) Addition of extracapsular involvement in metastatic lymph nodes (N category) 2) Oral cancer T classification change, 3) Staging of the pharyngeal cancer was divided into 3 chapters: high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), non HR-HPV associated OPC and hypopharynx cancer (HPC), and nasopharynx cancer (NPC) 4) Changes in T and N classification in NPC, 5) In the case of cancer of unknown primary, P16-positive case is defined as HR-HPV related OPC, and EBV-positive case is defined as NPC. The process that led to these changes highlights the need to collect high-fidelity cancer registry-level data that can be used to confirm prognostic observations identified in institutional data sets. Clinicians will continue to use the latest information for patient care, including scientific content of the 8th Edition Manual. All newly diagnosed cases through December $31^{st}$ 2017 should be staged with the 7th edition. The time extension will allow all partners to develop and update protocols and guidelines and for software vendors to develop, test, and deploy their products in time for the data collection and implementation of the 8th edition in 2018. The 8th edition strikes a balance between a personalized, complex system and a more general, simpler one that maintains the user-friendliness and worldwide acceptability of the traditional TNM staging paradigm.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.939-949
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• 2006

With the development of industry, product data management system is becoming more and more important. An expanded view of product definition function that include a bill of material and routing database, current and historical engineering data and specifications and engineering changes order history. PDM (Product Data Management) systems hold and manage such material as product specifications, plans, geometric models, CAD drawings and images. Furthermore, PDM enables companies producing complex products to spread product data in to the entire launch process. Especially, PDTnet XML Schema is an international standard for exchanging of PDM data. But PDTnet XML Schema differs from existing XML Schema in the way that its property of IDREF/IDREFS is irregular. Therefore it is important factor that. what do we use storage devices and storage techniques. We developed storage techniques and application supporting various query types and preserving PDTnet XML Schema using a relational database that guaranteeing the performance nowadays. In this paper, we will show that our storage techniques minimize repeated data and optimize query processing by using application comparison with storage techniques of existing XML Schema data.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2005

Anaerobic decomposition is one of the most common processes in nature and has been extensively used in waste and wastewater treatment for several centuries. New applications and system modifications continue to be adapted making the process either more effective, less expensive, or suited to the particular waste in question and the operation to which it is to be applied. Animal manure is a highly biodegradable organic material and will naturally undergo anaerobic fermentation, resulting in release of noxious odors, such as in manure storage pits. Depending on the presence or absence of oxygen in the manure, biological treatment process may be either aerobic or anaerobic. Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria carry on fermentative metabolisms to break down the complex organic substances into simpler organic acids and then convert them to ultimately formed methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic biological systems for animal manure treatment include anaerobic lagoons and anaerobic digesters. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principal end products of controlled anaerobic digestion. These two gases are collectively called biogas. The biogas contains $60\~70\%$ methane and can be used directly as a fuel for heating or electrical power generation. Trace amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide ($100\~300\;ppm$) are always present in the biogas stream. Anaerobic lagoons have found widespread application in the treatment of animal manure because of their low initial costs, ease of operation and convenience of loading by gravity flow from the animal buildings. The main disadvantage is the release of odors from the open surfaces of the lagoons, especially during the spring warm-up or if the lagoons are overloaded. However, if the lagoons are covered and gases are collected, the odor problems can be solved and the methane collected can be used as a fuel. Anaerobic digesters are air-tight, enclosed vessels and are used to digest manure in a well-controlled environment, thus resulting in higher digestion rates and smaller space requirements than anaerobic lagoons. Anaerobic digesters are usually heated and mixed to maximize treatment efficiency and biogas production. The objective of this work was to review a current anaerobic biological treatment of animal manure for effective new technologies in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.844-847
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• 2005

A seamless analysis of complex geometry is one of greatly interesting topic. However, there are still gaps between the industrial applications and fundamental academic studies owing to time consuming modeling process. To resolve this problem, an auto mesh generation program based on grid-based approach has been developed for IT-product in the present study. At first, base mesh and skin mesh are generated using the information of entities which extracted from IGES file. Secondly the provisional core mesh with rugged boundary geometry is constructed by superimposing the skin mesh as well as the base mesh generated from the CAD model. Finally, the positions of boundary nodes are adjusted to make a qualified mesh by adapting node modification and smoothing techniques. Also, for the sake of verification of mesh quality, the hexahedral auto mesh constructed by the program is compared with the corresponding tetrahedral free mesh and hexahedral mapped mesh through static finite element analyses. Thereby, it is anticipated that the grid-based approach can be used as a promising pre-processor for integrity evaluation of various IT-products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1991

Ames test using special strains which are histidine requiring mutant of Salmonella typhimufium , is widely utilized as short-term bioassay to evaluate the genotoxicity of chemicals. This method requires the liver microsome(5-9 fraction) to provide mammalian metabolism of the compounds, Therefore, the mutagenic potency of the chemicals is affected by not only the intrinsic properties of them but also the efficiency of the in vitro microsomal activation system. For this reason, the complex mixtures such as environmental pollutants from occupational sources, natural products or cigarette smoke condensates(CSC) , might be often appeared the false results. Induction of sister chromatid exchange(SCE) in cultured cells is known as another sensitive and powerful tool for the measurement of genotoxicity and the method has also an advantage which is able to apply to the in vitro and in vivo systems. In the present study, the inducibilities of revertant colonies in tester strain TA98 and SCE in human Iymphocytes by positive controls and total particulated materials(TPM) obtained from various brand(domastic and imported) cigarettes were compared in order to investigate whether the results in Ames test are in agreement with those in SCE analysis. The mutagenic activities of well known mutagens such as B(a)P showed excellent dose-response in the both methods although the induction mechanism was different each other, but cyclophosphamide resulted such effect only in SCE analysis. Most TPM tested showed a similar pattern in the mutagenic activities in those methods. However, only two(one imported brand and one domestic sample cigarettes) among the TMP obtained from various cigarettes appeared the higher induction in SCE than Ames test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2017

Recently, the operation of precision pocket machining has been studied for the high speed and accuracy in industry to increase production and quality. Moreover, the demand for products with complex 3D free-curved surface shapes has increasing rapidly in the development of computer systems, CNC machining, and CAM software in various manufacturing fields, especially in automotive engineering. The type of aluminum (Al6061) that is widely used in aerospace fields was used in this study, and end-mill down cutting was conducted in fillet cutting at a corner with end-mill tools for various process conditions. The experimental results may demonstrate that the end mill cutter with four blades is more advantageous than that of the two blades on shape forming in the same condition precise machining conditions. It was also found that cutting forces and tool deformation increased as the cutting speed increased. When the tool was located at $45^{\circ}$ (four locations), the corner was found to conduct the maximum cutting force rather than the start point of the workpiece. The experimental research is expected to increase efficiency when the economical precision machining methods are required for various cutting conditions in industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.278-285
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• 2012

Poultry products are an important source of Salmonella enterica. An effective way to reduce food poisoning due to Salmonella would be to breed chickens more resistant to infection. Unfortunately host responses to Salmonella are complex with many factors involved. To learn more about responses to Salmonella in young chickens of 2 wk old, a cDNA Microarray containing 13,319 probes was performed to compare gene expression profiles between two chicken groups under control and Salmonella infected conditions. Newly hatched chickens were orally infected with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Since the intestine is one of the important barriers the bacteria encounter after oral inoculation, intestine gene expression was investigated at 2 wk old. There were 588 differentially expressed genes detected, of which 276 were known genes, and of the total number 266 were up-regulated and 322 were down-regulated. Differences in gene expression between the two chicken groups were found in control as well as Salmonella infected conditions indicating a difference in the intestine development between the two chicken groups which might be linked to the difference in Salmonella susceptibility. The differential expressions of 4 genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and the results indicated that the expression changes of these genes were generally consistent with the results of GeneChips. The findings in this study have lead to the identification of novel genes and possible cellular pathways, which are host dependent.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.407-422
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of the study is to develop quantitative usability evaluation criteria for senior-friendly autonomous transportation robot. Background: The Republic of Korea has become the most rapidly aging society, and is anticipated to enter the post-aged society in 2026. To raise the quality of life of a senior with limited mobility and to reduce the burden of caregivers, many high-tech assistive products with information technologies are developed nowadays. The senior-friendly autonomous transportation robot is one person robot vehicle to move a senior to the destination for hospitals, nursing homes or silver town complex. With built-in navigation system and environmental monitoring censors, it automatically seeks the path to the destination and avoids collision to obstacles and pedestrians on the way. Due to the early stage of the product, few usability studies in this field have been done, mostly on general service robots to assist seniors, power wheelchairs and delivery robots. ISO and KS standards for the service robots are focused on safety. Method: Based on the reference usability index, the early draft of the usability evaluation questionnaires was developed. After small group tests and interviews, the experts modified the initial draft to the Usability Evaluation Criteria for Senior-Friendly Autonomous Transportation Robot (UEC-SFATR). Result: UEC-SFATR consisted of 4 subscales - Safety, Controllability, Efficiency and Satisfaction. All of the 4 subscales of UEC-SFATR were passed the reliability criteria by 4 groups of seniors, divided by gender and familiarity of smart-devices. Conclusion: UEC-SFATR covers wider area of user experiences of the SFATR and is a good measurement tool to help both the users and developers of the robot. Application: This study provides guide to the future product development and product competitiveness evaluation by quantifying user experiences for the SFATR.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-196
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• 2017

The research efforts directed at advancing water electrolysis technology continue to intensify together with the increasing interest in hydrogen as an alternative source of energy to fossil fuels. Among the various water electrolysis systems reported to date, systems employing a solid polymer electrolyte membrane are known to display both improved safety and efficiency as a result of enhanced separation of products: hydrogen and oxygen. Conducting water electrolysis in an alkaline medium lowers the system cost by allowing non-platinum group metals to be used as catalysts for the complex multi-electron transfer reactions involved in water electrolysis, namely the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively). We briefly review the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and electrocatalysts developed and applied thus far in alkaline AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE) devices. Testing the developed components in AEMWE cells is a key step in maximizing the device performance since cell performance depends strongly on the structure of the electrodes containing the HER and OER catalysts and the polymer membrane under specific cell operating conditions. In this review, we discuss the properties of reported AEMs that have been used to fabricate membrane-electrode assemblies for AEMWE cells, including membranes based on polysulfone, poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phylene) oxide, polybenzimidazole, and inorganic composite materials. The activities and stabilities of tertiary metal oxides, metal carbon composites, and ultra-low Pt-loading electrodes toward OER and HER in AEMWE cells are also described.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.433-434
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• 2015

Dictionary meaning of circuit-breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit. and it had been recognized as being operated simultaneously. Controlled Switching System(CSS), which is technology for individual pole operation, are widely used to reduce transient phenomenon, for example switching surges, inrush current, for a all switching cases and nowadays it have become and economical solution for a switching place. The conventional solution to these problem is the use of pre-insertion resistors of $520{\Omega}$. However, it is recognised that the cost for products and maintenance are expensive and this apparatus makes more complex the circuit-breaker mechanism. Korea Electric Power Cooperation (KEPCO) has been study for relevant CCS technology since pilot application in substation in 2003 and plan to apply the actual power grid in 2017. This paper deals with the investigation of international CCS operation status and preview for application in KEPCO power grid.