• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.157-163
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• 2014

Objectives : Gamisoyo-san complex prescription were made with Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Atractylodes rhizome white, Hoelen, Bupleuri Radix, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Gardeniae Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, Menthae Herba. The purpose of this study was to research the whitening effect of the extract from Gamisoyo-san, which is one of the used herbal complex prescription. Methods : This study investigated inhibitory effect of Gamisoyo-san in tyrosinase activity. Cell viability were performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Then, Gamisoyo-san measured reversed-transcription-PCR for mRNA expression using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Results : For whitening effects, the tyrosinase inhibition effect of extract was shown to 52.4% at $5,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. The cell viability on B16F10 melanoma cells of Gamisoyo-san extract showed higher than 75% at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. In this study, an experiment was performed by setting the non-toxic concentration range of 50, 150, $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a positive control. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), tyrosinase mRNA expression inhibitory by reverse transcription-PCR of Gamisoyo-san extract were decreased by 95.3%, 98.8%, 96.3% and 49.5% at $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ which the highest concentration. Conclusions : All these findings could verify that whitening effects of Gamisoyo-san extract by tyrosinase inhibitory activity and mRNA expression. The Gamisoyo-san could be used as material for functional cosmetics, such as skin whitening products.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.39-44
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• 2000

To examine the chilling tolerance lipids, we compared the chilling susceptibility of photosystem II of wild type tobacco plants with that of transgenic tobacco plants, in which the sensitivity to chilling had been enhanced by genetic modification of fatty acid unsaturation of chloroplast membrane lipids. The transgenic tobacco plants were found to contain reduced levels of unsaturated membrane fatty acids by being tansformed with cDNA for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from squash. For the purpose of studying on the functional integrity of photosystem II during low-temperature photoinhibition, the photochemical efficiency was measured as the ration of the maximun fluorescence of chlorophyll (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II. In parallel with an investigation on the transgenic plants, susceptibility of chilling-resistant species, such as spinah and pea, and of chilling-sensitive ones, such as squash and sweet potato, to low-temperature photoinhibition was also compared in terms of room temperature-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from photosystem II. When leaf disks from the two genotypes of tobacco plants were exposed to light at 5$^{\circ}C$, the transgenic plants showed more rapid decline in photochemical activity of photosysytme II than wild-type plants. When they were pretreated with lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast-encoded protein synthesis, the extent of photoinhibition was even more accelerated. More impottantly, they showed a comparable extent of photoinhibition in the presence of lincomycin, making a clear contrast to the discrepancy observed in the discrepancy observed in the absence of lincomycin. Restoration of Fv/Fm during recovery from low-temperature photoinhibition occurred more slowly in the transgenic tobacco plants than the wild-type. These findings are discussed in relation to fatty acid unsaturation of membrane phosphatidylglycerol. It appears that the ability of plants to rapidly regenerate the active photosystem II complex from might explain, in part, why chilling-resistant plants can toleratlow-temperature photoinhibition.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 1998

An improved antibody-coated sensor system based on quartz crystal microbalance was developed for the detection of Salmonella spp. An antibody against Salmonella common structural antigen was immobilized onto one gold electrode of the piezoelectric quartz crystal surface by various immobilization procedures. The best results in sensitivity and stability were obtained with the thin layers of protein A and 3,3'-dithiopropionimidate.2HCI(DTBP), a homobifunctional thiol-cleavable crosslinker. After the addition of a S. typhimurium suspension into a reaction cell with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, the resonant frequency owing to S. typhimurium adsorption decreased conspicuously. The antibody-immobilized crystals prepared by the gold-protein A complex formation and DTBP thiolation showed the frequency shifts of 80 and 283 Hz, respectively. The time required for maximum frequency shift was about 30~60 min. The antibody-coated crystal could be reused for 6~8 consecutive assays.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

Egasyn is accessory protein of ${\beta}$-glucuronidase(${\beta}$-G) in the liver microsomes. Liver microsomal ${\beta}$-G is stabilized within the luminal site of the microsomal vesicles by complexation with egasyn which is one of carboxylesterase isozymes. We investigated the effects of organophosphorus compounds(OPs) such as insecticides on the dissociation of egasyn-${\beta}$-glucuronidase(EG) complex. The EG complex was easily dissociated by administration of OPs, i.e., Fenitrothion, EPN, Phenthionate, and bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate(BNPP), and resulting ${\beta}$-G dissociated was released into blood, leading to the rapid and transient increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level with a concomitant decrease of liver microsomal ${\beta}$-G level. In a case of phenthionate treatment, less increase in plasma ${\beta}$-G level was observed, as compared with those of other OPs. This may be explained by a fact that phenthionate was easily hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase. Similarly, carbamate insecticides such as Carbaryl caused rapid increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level. In contrast, no significant increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level was observed when pyrethroid insecticides were administered to rats. This is due to a fact that pyrethroids such as Phenthrin and Allethrin were easily hydrolyzed by A-esterase as well as carboxylesterase. On the other hand, addition of OPs to the incubation mixture containing liver microsomes caused the release of ${\beta}$-G from microsomes to the medium. From these in vivo and in vitro data, it is concluded that increase of the plasma ${\beta}$-G level after OPs administration is much more sensitive biomarker than cholinesterase inhibition to acute intoxication of OPs and carbamates.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 1987

Coagglutination method is widely used for the diagnosis of Salmonella infection. This test, however, has a disadvantage of false positive reaction due to the coagglutination of staphylococci with non-specific immune complexes or anti-staphylococci antibody in serum. Salmonell O antigen was detected by enzyme immunoassay with protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus as in the solid phase. Horse radish peroxidase was labeled to IgG specific against Salmonella O antigen. This enzyme immunoassay was much more sensitive than conventional coagglutination method without false poitive agglutination. To improve the sensitivity for detection of Salmonella O antigen in samples, we tried to determine the optimal concentration of normal IgG that inhibits non-specific binding of horse radish peroxidase labeled IgG to staphylococci, and to establish the optimal condition of reaction between antigen-antibody complex and staphylococci. Non-specific binding of horse radish peroxidase labeled specific IgG to staphylococci was almost blocked when the enzyme labeled IgG was 500-fold diluted with phosphate buffered saline containing 2mg/ml of normal IgG. When staphylococci coated with antibody to Salmonella O antigen were mixed with antigen-antibody complex and then incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, the minimal detectable concentration of Salmonella O antigen was 1ng/ml. The sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay was 100-fold greater than a conventional coagglutination method. This enzyme immunoassay could be expected as an improved method for detection of other infectious agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2014

Kinesin-1 consists of two heavy chains (KHCs), also called KIF5s, and two light chains (KLCs) that form a heterotetrameric complex. Here, we demonstrate the binding of a neuronal KHC, KIF5A, to the carboxyl (C)-terminal tail region of Fig4 (also known as Sac3), a phosphatase that removes the 5-phosphate from phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate ($PtdIns(3,5)P_2$). Fig4 bound to the C-terminal region of KIF5A but not to other KHCs (KIF5B and KIF5C) and KLC1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. The interaction was further confirmed in a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and by co-immunoprecipitation. Anti-KIF5A antibody co-immunoprecipitated Fig4 with KIF5A from mouse brain extracts. These results suggest that kinesin-1 could transport the Fig4-associated protein complex or cargo in cells.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2001

For testing antimicrobial activity of functional plastics containing antimicrobial agent. We have used Escherichia. coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus. aureus (ATCC 6538P) with plastics which contained a Ag-hydroxyl apatite agent. In this paper, effect of antimicrobial test on plastics containing silver complex agent which accomplished by using test condition that Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB solution have diluted 500 times with 0.1 M phosphate buffer), pH7.2, Temp. $37\pm1^{circ}C$ and 120 rpm for 24 hr. the condition give the opportunity to better perform the antimicrobial active effect of individual functional plastics. As result. the test conditions were best effect of antimicrobial by using plastic contained minimum 0.5% with Ag-hydroxyl apatite agent.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.566-579
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• 2021

Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis (Rsi, former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV) PW1001, a causal agent of potato wilt disease, induces hypersensitive response (HR) on its non-host eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). The disaccharide trehalose is involved in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in many organisms. We found that trehalose is required for eliciting HR on eggplant by plant pathogen Rsi PW1001. In R. solanacearum, it is known that the OtsA/OtsB pathway is the dominant trehalose synthesis pathway, and otsA and otsB encode trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase and T6P phosphatase, respectively. We generated otsA and otsB mutant strains and found that these mutant strains reduced the bacterial trehalose concentration and HR induction on eggplant leaves compared to wild-type. Trehalose functions intracellularly in Rsi PW1001 because addition of exogenous trehalose did not affect the HR level and ion leakage. Requirement of trehalose in HR induction is not common in R. solanacearum species complex because mutation of otsA in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I) RS1002 did not affect HR on the leaves of its non-host tobacco and wild eggplant Solanum torvum. Further, we also found that each otsA and otsB mutant had reduced ability to grow in a medium containing NaCl and sucrose, indicating that trehalose also has an important role in osmotic stress tolerance.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.2117-2124
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• 2013

The binding properties and sequence selectivities of ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ (bip = 4,4'-biphenylene (imidazo [4,4-f][1,10]phenanthroline) complexes with $poly[d(A-T)_2]$ and $poly[d(G-C)_2]$ were investigated using conventional spectroscopic methods. When bound to $poly[d(A-T)_2]$, a large positive circular dichroism (CD) spectrum was induced in absorption region of the bridging moiety for both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes, which suggested that the bridging moiety sits in the minor groove of the polynucleotide. As luminescence intensity increased, decay times became longer and complexes were well-protected from the negatively charged iodide quencher compared to that in the absence of $poly[d(A-T)_2]$. These luminescence measurements indicated that Ru(II) enantiomers were in a less polar environment compared to that in water and supported by minor groove binding. An angle of $45^{\circ}$ between the molecular plane of the bridging moiety of the ${\Delta}{\Delta}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex and the local DNA helix axis calculated from reduced linear dichroism ($LD^r$) spectrum further supported the minor groove binding mode. In the case of ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex, this angle was $55^{\circ}$, suggesting a tilt of DNA stem near the binding site and bridging moiety sit in the minor groove of the $poly[d(A-T)_2]$. In contrast, neither ${\Delta}{\Delta}$-nor ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex produced significant CD or $LD^r$ signal in the absorption region of the bridging moiety. Luminescence measurements revealed that both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes were partially accessible to the $I^-$ quencher. Furthermore, decay times became shorter when bis-Ru(II) complexes bound to $poly[d(G-C)_2]$. These observations suggest that both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes bind at the surface of $poly[d(G-C)_2]$, probably electrostatically to phosphate group. The results indicate that ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ are able to discriminate between AT and GC base pairs.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.387-397
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the subjects' oral health status and changes in the oral environment after mouthwash with effervescent Vitamin C and its intake and to understand the impact on changes in the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity based on the oral health status and oral environmental condition. Methods: After obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board of D-University, 45 people (24 in an experimental group and 21 in a control group) who participated in the oral health program were selected, among visitors of the Clinical Dental Hygienics Laboratory of D. University in B. Results: Based on the subjects' periodontal health status, the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity decreased in both experimental and control groups before and after the experiment. However, in the experimental group, it was significant when the Bleeding on Probing(BOP) level was below average, and Calculus index(CAL) was above average, in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the red complex. It was also significant when CAL was above average in the orange complex in the control group. Regarding bacterial changes in periodontal diseases based on the subjects' oral environmental condition, there was a significant change in the Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP : intraoral contaminants test) test in the oral cavity in A. actinomycetemcomitans and the red complex in the experimental group and in the O'Leary index in the control group. Further, there was a significant change in the orange complex in the ATP test in the experimental group. Conclusions: A comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that the oral health care program for dental hygiene decreased the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity in both experimental and control groups.