• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2009

Solvent extraction experiments of cupric and cuprous chloride with Alamine336 have been performed from HCl solution. In order to identify the solvent extraction reaction, distribution diagram of cupric and cuprous species with HCl concentration was obtained by considering complex formation reaction and the activity coefficient of solutes with Pitzer equation. Analysis of the solvent extraction data by graphical method together with the distribution diagram of copper indicated that solvent extraction reaction of copper with Alamine336 depends on HCl concentration. In strong HCl solution of 3 and 5 M, ${CuCl_4}^{2-}$ and ${CuCl_3}^{2-}$ took part in the solvent extraction reaction as Cu(II) and Cu(I), respectively. When HCl concentration was 1 M, ${CuCl_2}^-$ was extracted into the organic phase in the case of Cu(I) while adduct formation between $Cu^{2+}$ and Alamine336 was responsible for the solvent extraction reaction of Cu(II).

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 1990

2,4-D의 제제(製劑)가 달라짐에 따라 다양(多樣)한 토양환경(土壤環境) 속에서 방출(放出)된 2,4-D 유효성분(有效成分)이 불활성화(不活性化)하는 속도와 식물(植物)에 흡수(吸收), 이행(移行)하는 속도간에 차이가 유발된 것임을 예상하고, 이들 차이를 검정식물의 생장반응으로 파악할 목적으로 일련의 시험을 하였다. 시험은 온실내에서 $30{\times}45{\times}13cm$ 의 4각폿트에 검정식물로 피(Echinochloa crus-galli)와 자귀풀(Aeschynomene indica)을 공시(供試)하여 수행하였으며, 40% 2,4-D amine salt [2,4-D/AS]와 19.7% complex of rice husk lignin/2, 4-Dichloropheoxy acetic acid [2,4-D/LG]를 200g ai/Ha로 처리(處理)하였다. 공시(供試)된 토양환경(土壤環境)으로는 시비량(施肥量), 토양산도(土壤酸度), 유기물시용량(有機物施用量) 및 토성(土性)으로서 기준토양(基準土壤)(check soil)을 포함하여 각각 3수준(水準)을 두고 3반복(反復)으로 수행(遂行)되었다. 시비량(施肥量)이 증대(增大)될수록 제초활성(除草活性)은 높고 오래 지속(持續)되었으며, 산성(酸性)이 강화(强化)되거나, 유기물(有機物) 시비량(施肥量)이 적을수록 제초활성(除草活性)이 높고 지속성(持續性)이 커지는 경향(傾向)이었다. 또한 전반 조건하에서 두 검정식물 모두 2,3-D/AS보다도 2,4-D/LG에 의하여 제초활성(除草活性)이 높고 장기간 지속(持續)되는 경향(傾向)임을 인정할 수 있었다. 그러나 토성(土性)에 따라서는, 제제간(製劑間)에 일정한 경향없이, 2,4-D/AS가 단기간(短期間)에 걸친 다양방출(多樣放出)로 식물흡수(植物吸收)보다 토양중에서의 불활성화가 크게 야기된는 반면, 2,4-D/LG는 장기간에 걸친 소량방출로 토양중불활성화(土壤中不活性化)보다 식물흡수기회(植物吸收機會)가 증대(增大)되는데 따른 것으로 해석된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2013

A series of highly efficient red phosphorescent heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes 1-6 containing two cyclometalating 2-(2,4-substitued phenyl)quinoxaline ligands and one chromophoric ancillary ligand were synthesized: (pqx)$_2Ir$(mprz) (1), (dmpqx)$_2Ir$(mprz) (2), (dfpqx)$_2Ir$(mprz) (3), (pqx)$_2Ir$(prz) (4), (dmpqx)$_2Ir$(prz) (5), (dfpqx)$_2Ir$(prz) (6), where pqx = 2-phenylquinoxaline, dfpqx = 2-(2,4-diflourophenyl)quinoxaline, dmpqx = 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)quinoxaline, prz = 2-pyrazinecarboxylate and mprz = 5-methyl-2-pyrazinecarboxylate. The absorption, emission, electrochemical and thermal properties of the complexes were evaluated for potential applications to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The structure of complex 2 was also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 2 exhibited distorted octahedral geometry around the iridium metal ion, for which 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)quinoxaline N atoms and C atoms of orthometalated phenyl groups are located at the mutual trans and cis-positions, respectively. The emission spectra of the complexes are governed largely by the nature of the cyclometalating ligand, and the phosphorescent peak wavelengths can be tuned from 588 to 630 nm with high quantum efficiencies of 0.64 to 0.86. Cyclic voltammetry revealed irreversible metal-centered oxidation with potentials in the range of 1.16 to 1.89 V as well as two quasi-reversible reduction waves with potentials ranging from -0.94 to -1.54 V due to the sequential addition of two electrons to the more electron-accepting heterocyclic portion of two distinctive cyclometalated C^N ligands.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1485-1491
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of iron from an amino acid complex (Availa-$Fe^{\circledR}$) on the iron status of neonatal and suckling piglets. A total of 24 gestating sows (Landrace${\times}$Large White) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments. The control diet contained 80 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate ($FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$), while the two experimental diets were supplemented with an additional 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The lactating sows remained the same iron treatments as gestating sows, while neonatal piglets of 24 litters born from the above sows were allotted to another three treatments. Piglets from the sows of the control treatment were fed basal diet with no supplemental Fe as control treatment, but were injected with 100 mg Fe as Fe dextran at birth. Piglets from the sows of Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatments were supplemented with 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The total born alive and weaned, and the average piglets weight at birth and at weaning were not significantly affected by the sow' dietary treatments (p>0.05). Iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and plasma iron of sows on day 90 and 105 of pregnancy and the milk iron of sows during lactation (p>0.05). Neonatal piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment had a significantly higher hemoglobin concentration (p<0.05) and higher hematocrit and plasma iron (p>0.05) than those in the other two treatments, respectively. The hemoglobin of suckling piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was higher than that of piglets in $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 28 (p<0.05). The total iron binding capacity of piglets in Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was lower than that of piglets in the control and $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 14 (p<0.05), but there was not a statistically significant difference among three treatments on day 28 (p>0.05). However, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of suckling piglets injected with Fe were higher than those of piglets in the other two treatments (p<0.05). This study indicated that the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from amino acid complex into the diets improved iron status of neonatal and nursing piglets more effectively than the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, however, this improvement of the organic Fe was not sufficient to replace the Fe injection for prevention of iron-deficiency anemia.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.152-156
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• 2005

본 연구에서 수행한 avermectin 생산을 위한 배지 최적화에서 기존의 총 avermectin의 함량 10 mg/L를 470 mg/L까지 증가시켰으며, 이 중 광범위 활성을 가지는 avermectin B1도 50%에 달했다. 최적화된 배지 조성은 50 g/L fructose, 30 g/L malt extract, 5 g/L casamino acid, 2.5 g/L PEG 3,350, and 1 g/L $K_{2}HPO_{4}$이다. $K_{2}HPO_{4}$와 fructose, malt extract가 avermectin 생합성에 크게 작용하는 것으로 추정된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.3749-3754
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• 2013

Two 3D isomorphous and isostructural complexes, namely, $[Zn(BDOA)(bpy)(H_2O)_2]_n$ (1) and $[Cd(BDOA)-(bpy)(H_2O)_2]_n$ (2); (BDOA = Benzene-1,4-dioxyacetic acid, bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by means of elemental analyses, thermogravimetric (TG), infrared spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in the triclinic system, space group P-1 and each metal ion in the complexes are six-coordinated with the same coordination environment. In the as-synthesized complexes, $BDOA^{2-}$ anions link central metal ions to form a 1D zigzag chain $[-BDOA^{2-}-Zn(Cd)-BDOA^{2-}-Zn(Cd)-]_{\infty}$, whereas bpy pillars connect metal ions to generate a 1D linear chain $[-bpy-Zn(Cd)-bpy-Zn(Cd)-]_{\infty}$. Both infinite chains are interweaved into 2D grid-like layers which are further constructed into a 3D open framework, where hydrogen bonds play as the bridges between the adjacent 2D layers. Luminescent properties of complex 1 showed selectivity for $Hg^{2+}$ ion.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 펄스 전기장 처리장치를 이용하여 물, 계면활성제 그리고 휴믹산의 물리화학적 변화 특성을 검토하였다. 펄스 전기장 처리에 따른 물의 구조적 특성변화를 검토한 결과, FT-IR 분석에서 C-N 복합구조와 C=O 구조에서 변화가 일어나는 것으로 나타났으며, NMR 분석에서는 물분자의 운동속도 증가폭이 최소 2.3 Hz에서 9.9 Hz로 나타났다. 각각의 계면활성제를 펄스 전기장 처리 한 결과, 양이온 계면활성제와 음이온 계면활성제의 CMC는 각각 1.3%와 9.2% 낮아지는 것으로 나타났고, UV-vis 값은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 휴믹산은 펄스 전기장 처리를 할 경우 UV-vis 값이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 펄스 전기장 처리는 물과 유기화합물의 구조적 특성변화에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding organic acids and antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 nursery pigs (Large White$\times$Landrace; initial weight $7.80{\pm}0.07kg$) were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. Pigs in treatment 1 were fed a complex starter diet. Treatments 2 to 4 were the same as treatment 1 but supplemented with antibiotics (200 ppm chlortetracycline plus 60 ppm Lincospectin), 0.5% potassium diformate or 0.5% dry organic acid blend ACTIVATE Starter DA (ASD). During the 4-week post-weaning period, pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had better gain (p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p = 0.04) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14 post-weaning, pigs fed the control diet had the lowest fecal lactobacilli count among all dietary treatments (p = 0.02), whereas pigs fed ASD or antibiotics had a trend for lower fecal E. coli count compared to the control pigs (p = 0.08). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of pigs fed ASD did not differ from pigs fed the control diet (p>0.05) at d 14 after weaning. In Exp. 2, 24 weaned pigs (Large White$\times$Long White; initial weight $5.94{\pm}0.33kg$) were allotted into four groups and housed individually. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with antibiotics (100 ppm colistin sulfate, 50 ppm Kitasamycin plus 60 ppm Olaquindox), 0.5% or 1% ASD. All pigs were orally challenged with E. coli $K88^+$ on d 5. During d 5 to 14 after challenge, pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD had better gain (p = 0.01) and feed efficiency (p = 0.03) than pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, compared to the control pigs, pigs fed 0.5% ASD had higher lactobacilli in the duodenum and pigs fed 1% ASD and antibiotics had a trend for higher lactobacilli in the ileum (p = 0.08). Pigs fed antibiotics, 0.5% or 1% ASD diets tended to have decreased ileal E. coli count compared to those fed the control diet (p = 0.08). Serum interleukin-6 and cortisol and digesta pH values were not affected by treatment or time. These results indicate that feeding ASD can improve the growth performance of weaning pigs, mainly via modulating intestinal microflora populations without affecting gastrointestinal pH or immune indices.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.640-647
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• 2012

잣나무(Pinus koraiensis) 4년생의 생장특성인자와 관련이 있는 주요 대사물질을 확인하기위한 대사체 분석을 실시하였다. GC/MS로 분리한 105종을 대상으로 길이생장 및 건중량의 생장 특성과의 상관이 있는 대사물질을 분석하였다. Alanine, threonine, oleic acid 및 butanoic acids는 길이생장 및 건중량과 고도의 부의 상관관계가 있었고, 반면 malic acid, xylose, glucose, inositol 및 sucrose는 생장특성과 정의 상관관계가 있었다. 생장이 왕성한 시기에는 생장이 우수한 그룹에서 주지의 아미노산류나 유기산류 함량이 줄어드는 것으로 추정되었으며, 반면 단당류나 sucrose 같은 광합성 산물은 중위 및 하위 그룹에 비교해서 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특이하게도 박테리아나 균류에서 생성되는 d-turanose의 함량이 4년생 잣나무 묘고생장과 고도의 상관관계(r=0.896, p<0.001)가 있었으며, 이는 근균류와의 관계가 있는 것으로 추정된다. 이러한 인자들은 잣나무 우량개체 선발을 위한 대사 표지자 개발의 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.655-661
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus, Saccharomyces and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on performance and nutrient digestibility in grower and finisher pigs. In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (32 females and 48 males), $28.7{\pm}0.9\;kg$ body weight (BW), were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups balanced for sex and weight (5 pigs per pen, 4 pens per treatment). They were fed one of four diets: a basal grower (20-50 kg BW) and finisher (>50 kg BW) diet without any addition of probiotic or antibiotic (diet C), the basal diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis H4 (diet B), diet B supplemented with Saccharomyces boulardi Sb (diet BS) and diet BS supplemented with a LAB complex (diet BSL). The LAB complex consisted of Enterococcus faecium 6H2, Lactobacillus acidophilus C3, Pediococcus pentosaceus D7, and Lactobacillus fermentum NC1. In Exp. 2, 16 male pigs, $29.2{\pm}0.8\;kg$ BW, were kept in individual pens and divided into 4 groups (4 pigs in each group). All 4 groups were given exactly the same growing-period diets (diet C, B, BS and BSL) as in Exp 1. The total faeces and urine were collected during 5 days (day 20-24) to determine nitrogen retention and total tract digestibility. In the growing period, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by diet B and BS (p>0.05), but ADG increased (+5.9%) (p<0.05) and FCR improved (+5.9%) (p<0.05) on diet BSL compared with the control, although ADFI was not different (p>0.05). Digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was higher (p<0.05) in diet BSL and digestibility of crude fibre was higher (p<0.05) in diet BS and BSL than in diet C. Nitrogen retention was not affected by diet (p>0.05). The faecal LAB counts were increased in grower pigs fed diet BSL (p<0.05) and faecal E. coli counts were decreased in pigs fed diets BS and BSL (p<0.05). In the finishing period, no effects of diet were found in ADFI, ADG, FCR, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention (p>0.05). Faecal LAB and E. coli counts in the finisher pigs were not affected by diet (p>0.05). In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that a mixture of bacteria and yeast has the potential to be used as a probiotic dietary supplement in grower pigs.