• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.59-72
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• 2000

Dragon robe was defined as a robe on which the principal design consisted of dragon. Dragon patterns have been used on princess robes during T'and Dynasty. In Sung, Dragon-figured robes seem to have an Imperial prerogative. Yuan took over the use of robes with dragons patterns as a definite institition. Ming tried to reject all Yuan innovations, the dragon robe was retained as an unofficial court costume. The Emperor's semiformal robes which at first had four dragon medallions, later had twelve along with the 12 Symbols(십이장문). As Ch'ing dragon robes were only intended fro semiformal use. The Later Ch'ing robes date from after 1719, when the Ch'ien-lung(건륭) introduced 12 Symbols on Ch'ing robes. The Ch'ien-lung laws were disobeyed, notably the ones that specified the number of claws on the dragons. THe Emperor's dragon robe, lung-p'ao, (용포) was described as bright yellow in color, having four slits and horsefoof cuffs. The basic pattern consisted of nin dragons, in addition it had 12 Symbols. The elaborate textile techniques reached their peak in Ch'ing Dynasty-with its Weaving and Dyeing Office in Peking, and this factories at Hangchow(항주), Soochow(소주), and Naking(남경) -helps to explain why the decay of the Ch'ing bureaucracy hastended the decline of dragon robes. In the Ch'ing Dynasty tow terms were used for dragon robe, depending on the number of claws on the dragons. Those with five-clawed dragons were called lung-p'ao, while those with four-clawed dragons were called mang-p'ao(망포). The Court felt compelled to take corrective meausres. It decreeed that Ninisters of State and other officials, who had been bestowed five-clawed lung dragons, must take out one claw. Finally, the sale of ranks and the attendant privilege of wearing dragon robes gradually increased during the 18 th century, reaching its height in the 19 th century, Finally, after the Taiping Rebellion, when the Imperial Treasury was depleted by the wholesale destruction of revenue-producing lands, the Chinese government came to depend on such sales as an important source of revenue and the practice became even more widespread. The ensuing mass production of dragon robes, and the necessity of conforming to the fairly rigid basic pattern established in 1759, resulted in marked deterioration of workmanship, and a comparative monotony of decoration. The patterns on the dragon robes slight changes continued to be made in the ways of representign them. The li shui (입수) portion at the base of the robe become inreasingly wider throughout the 19th century. The background became cluttered with symbols of good fortune, scattered among the clouds and waves. As a result of all this extraneous decoration, the dragons were so crowded that they had to shrink back into the small size that they had originally occupied in the medallons. Kuang-hsu(광저) was a long one, allowing time for the manufacture of numerous robes. Also, it would seem likely that Occidental museums and collections would have a considerable number of his robes, in view of the widespread looting of his palaces during the Allied occupation of Peking in 1900, and the frequent sales of Late Ch'ing imperial textiles by destitute Manchu courtiers in the '20's.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.31-48
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• 2018

The Geumganasa Temple site two Ridege-end tiles at the Buyeo National Museum(The Buyeo2150-1 and 2150-2, hereinafter referred to as 2150-1 and 2150-2) were excavated the Geumgangsa Temple site. They provide important materials for investigating the shapes and production techniques of the ridge-end tiles of the time since their lower portions remain relatively intact. This study is intended to examine whether the two ridge-end tiles were identical. Conservation treatment, including removal of foreign substances, was conducted in preparation for observation with the naked eye to compare the formal features and production techniques of the two examples. The study revealed that these ridge-end tiles shared formal features such as surface color, clay composition, shape, size, and decoration; however, they differed in terms of production technique. The 2150-1 tile was made by assembling a separately-made body and wing and has no hole through the back, while the 2150-2 tile had its body and wing made as a single unit using long clay plates and features circular holes in the back. It was revealed that one portion of the body of both tiles was intentionally tilted during the production process.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.183-188
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• 2009

HwaSeong (Suwon Fortress) was built during the reign of King Jeong-jo in the Choseon Dynasty. Detailed information on the construction of HwaSeong can be found in Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigui. In this sense, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis on the Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigui based on construction management factors. This paper aims to analyze the HwaSeong construction project from a modern construction perspective by comparing and reviewing information related to the procurement of construction materials of the time. For this, wooden and steel materials and tiles were analyzed by supply area, supply channel, type and price. From the results of the analysis, it is found that the government used both private and official channels to supply materials. In particular, except for wooden materials that could be supplied from Bongsan, the supply of materials showed a high dependency on private channels. In terms of steel, it was almost 30 percent cheaper through private channels than when purchased through the official channel. Finally, materials vulnerable to damage like tiles were manufactured from the areas near the construction site. From this fact it can be interpreted that the government had a flexible procurement system, including manufacturing on the spot and external suppliers,depending on the property of the material. It is expected these analytical results will serve as key data to understand the management factors in constructing HwaSeong.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2020

Recently, free-formed construction technology is becoming a new measure of representing technological superiority and sociocultural ingenuity. However, the CNC processing technology utilizing the existing wood and iron form has limitations in terms of the manufacturing time and material cost. Therefore, in this study, the method and process of manufacturing free-formed EPS form using S-LOM-based 3D printing technology were suggested. Furthermore, through the mock-up test, a comparative analysis of the manufacturing time and precision with CNC milling technology was conducted. The results show that S-LOM-based 3D printing technology has reduced manufacturing time about 57.4% compared to CNC milling technology during the free-formed EPS form manufacturing process. In addition, compared to the design drawings, the maximum error value was 20.5mm, proving the applicability of S-LOM-based 3D printing technology. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the improvement of S-LOM method and the activation of S-LOM method by verifying the applicability of S-LOM-based 3D printing technology.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose an effective neural network model for image caption generation and model transfer. This model is a kind of multi-modal recurrent neural network models. It consists of five distinct layers: a convolution neural network layer for extracting visual information from images, an embedding layer for converting each word into a low dimensional feature, a recurrent neural network layer for learning caption sentence structure, and a multi-modal layer for combining visual and language information. In this model, the recurrent neural network layer is constructed by LSTM units, which are well known to be effective for learning and transferring sequence patterns. Moreover, this model has a unique structure in which the output of the convolution neural network layer is linked not only to the input of the initial state of the recurrent neural network layer but also to the input of the multimodal layer, in order to make use of visual information extracted from the image at each recurrent step for generating the corresponding textual caption. Through various comparative experiments using open data sets such as Flickr8k, Flickr30k, and MSCOCO, we demonstrated the proposed multimodal recurrent neural network model has high performance in terms of caption accuracy and model transfer effect.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.301-320
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• 2007

In Korean academic societies, old maps has not yet been properly investigated in terms of their genealogy, classification, detailed place names, historical backgrounds and the other aspects. With publication of the bibliographies and papers on old maps reserved in museum and library, the scope of research enlarged gradually its scope from 1970s. In 1980s, with the development of theoretical geography, scientific analysis were applied to investigate the projection method of Daedongyeo-jido. The 1990s proved a prominent decade for researches. The photo-copies of old maps enabled researchers to investigate the in-depth comparative study. The more important thing is that old maps became to be powerful instrument in the research of historical geography, such as territorial disputes and marine name(東海). And county old maps compiled by region became to be regional-cultural contents of local areas. Important issues in old map research in Korean academic societies are about Cheonha-do which is unique old world map in Korea, grid-system projection in old county maps and the genealogy of Daedongyeo-jido(manuscript and block print edition). This study shows that bibliography of all old maps preserved in each library and museum should be standardized. This could enable the exchange of information of old maps between institutes. The more important thing is that conciliation of human, social and natural sciences should be applied in the research of old maps.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

Purpose - This research analyzes overseas expansion support systems for small- and medium-sized enterprises in Germany and Japan. Germany and Japan have developed overseas expansion support policies for such enterprises. The study then explores the implications for Korea and its local governments. Research design, data, and methodology - We did a comparative analysis of Japan and Germany and their support for overseas expansion of small and medium companies. Data were mainly collected from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan) and the Germany Trade and Invest (Germany) agency through statistics and literature surveys, and analysis studies. Results - First, human resources cultivation and funding support policies, which both Germany and Japan use as part of small- and medium-sized enterprise policies, should be modified to Korean circumstances and to reflect its own small- and medium-sized enterprise support needs. Second, both the German policies that support overseas expansion of small- and medium-sized enterprises and those of Japan's include the philosophy and methods that put an emphasis on these enterprises, despite the fact that there are big differences in the overseas policies in these two countries. Third, German and Japanese governments are embracing the idea that small- and medium-sized enterprises are key to their national economies and implementing policies based on the ratio occupied by these enterprises in the domestic consumption or GDP. In other words, Germany and Japan consider small- and medium-sized enterprises as central to their nation's industry, and assess them as economic industry that should definitely exist for the continued survival of big businesses, and not just as merely supplemental to big business. Fourth, whereas Germany emphasizes support to product exhibition in its overseas expansion support policies, Japan is providing integrated support containing foreign direct investment to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Fifth, there are differences in the overseas expansion support in Germany and Japan in terms of their support to big business. Whereas Germany considers support to big business unnecessary, Japan is implementing active support policies to areas corresponding to big business. Korea will have to benchmark the policies of Germany and Japan, and decide whether or not to give full support to small- and medium-sized enterprises, while excluding areas supporting big business. Conclusions - Based on this analysis of German and Japanese overseas expansion support policies, we need to choose the policies that will engender a solid outcome and derive modified policies for the circumstances of Korea. Additionally, we can use the comparison of the overseas support policies of Japan and Germany to choose small- and medium-sized enterprise overseas expansion support policies for Korea. However, we cannot provide specific overseas support policies by industry. This point will be referenced as a limitation of this study. In future research, we expect that some researchers will take an empirical approach to exploring Korean overseas expansion support through collecting cases of overseas support policies and interviewing policy authorities.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.385-393
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• 2020

Focusing on the Chinese market of MSNG (Mobile Social Network Game), perceived flow and satisfaction were designed as parameters, purchasing intention was set up as dependent variables, the purpose of present research is to analyze the factors influencing purchase intention of the paid items in mobile social games by studying the game and personal characteristics in terms of interoperability, accessibility, interesting, operability, innovativeness and challenge. Data was collected by questionnaires, Amos was employed to analyze the relationship between purchase intention and target influencing factors. Results showed that characteristics of game and consumers of MSNG have positive effects on the flow and satisfaction of paid items. Moreover, the flow of paid items in MSNG has a positive effect on satisfaction; the flow and satisfaction of paid items in MSNG have a positive effect on purchase intention. more samples and references should be involved in the further study in order to acheive an comprehensive result on comparative study of the social and cultural characteristics between Chinese MSNG and Korean counterpart.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.351-360
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• 2020

This study was designed to develop an online education program of elderly care service for the senior caregivers. Online survey was conducted senior caregivers who attended K cyber university from November 28, to December 15, 2019. Data were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA and post test by scheffe method. The results showed that needs of the online education program for senior caregivers were significantly higher than nursing assistants. Social workers were significantly higher than the nursing assistants in the elderly care service online education demand. In terms of performance, 'understanding and counseling for the elderly' and 'practice of the elderly play program' were social workers, senior caregivers and nursing assistants. In conclusion, it is necessary to develop a specialized online education contents for each group according to the necessity of elderly professional care and the demand of online education for elderly care service.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.192-202
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prepare a more efficient operation alternative for both systems by comparing and analyzing the recently introduced COOP(Continutiry of Operation Plan) and existing NIPP(National Infrastructure Protection Plan). Method: The basic data of the two systems were collected for research and compared and analyzed by dividing them into the content and procedural aspects. In addition, The efficient operation alternative were derived for experts in the disaster area by utilizing AHP. Result: The National Infrastructure Protection Plan(NIPP) and the Continuity of Operation Plan(COOP) were found to be very similar in terms of content and procedures, and the AHP survey also found that integrating the two schemes was a more efficient and effective operation method. Conclusion: As the recently introduced the Continuity of Operation Plan(COOP) has a wider area of activity than the National Infrastructure Protection Plan(NIPP), and has a continuous management system structure with a more precise workframe, A more efficient national safety net will be realized by reorganizing and integrating it into a more enhanced the Continuity of Operation Plan(COOP) through readjustment of relevant laws and regulations.