• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.184-203
• /
• 2020

조선 개국 후 유교적 가치관으로 성장한 통치 계급에게 불교 의례는 이른바 '위험한 축제'로 인식되었다. 의례는 출생에서 죽음에 이르는 삶의 중요한 전환점에서 다음 단계로의 이행을 도왔고, 제의를 통해 공동체의 결속을 강하게 했다. 의례 공간에는 도량을 신비로운 공간으로 변화시키는 다양한 공양구와 기물이 장엄되고 범음구와 범패가 어우러졌다. 그 중에서도 불교 회화는 기층민에게 강한 효력을 지닌 시각 매체로 적극 활용되었다. 생사의 인과응보를 담은 <시왕도>의 사례에서 볼 수 있듯이 의식이 마련된 도량에 불화를 헌괘하고 이를 생생하게 설명해주는 '관청(觀聽)'에 대한 수요로 불화의 기능은 더욱 확대되었다. 천도 의례 장면을 담은 <감로도>에는 왕실과 종친의 모습이 강조되어 표현되었다. 중국의 수륙화에서 이 도상은 수륙재에 봉청(奉請)하는 존귀한 대상 중 한 그룹이었으나 16세기 <감로도>에는 왕실의 후원을 상징하며 국행 수륙재의 역사성과 전통을 입증하는 존재로 도해된다. 왕실 후원은 불교 의례에 대한 사회적 공인과 같았고, 이러한 메시지를 드러내고 싶은 흔적이 <감로도>에 남아있다. 의례에 대한 위정자(爲政者)들의 경계는 표면적으로는 군중이 참여하는 의례 공간에 승속(僧俗), 남녀, 신분의 귀천(貴賤)이 함께 어우러지기에 예의가 무너지고 풍기가 문란해질 것이라는 우려였다. 또한 일상으로부터의 일탈, 금기로 부터의 해방이라는 축제의 요소와도 밀접한 관련이 있다. 시각 매체는 특별한 힘을 지니고 있다고 인식되었기에 그 힘을 이용하고자 하는 측과 위험성을 우려하는 시선이 공존했다. 실록(實錄)의 기록에서 위험성을 강조하며 불화를 불태우고 불화를 그린 자를 잡아오도록 하는 일련의 조치나, 도성이 텅 비도록 군중들이 모여든 기록은 역설적이게도 불교 의례가 반드시 참여해야 하는 축제의 장으로 인식됐음을 반증한다. 불교 의례는 생의 순환 단계에서 유교가 대체할 수 없는 종교적 기능을 지니고 있기에 쉽게 사라질 수 없었고, 공동체를 통합하는 축제의 요소는 더욱 강화되었다. 조선 후기 <감로도>에는 17세기부터 본격화되는 사당패나 연희패가 도해되고 의례의 현장감이 생생하게 반영되었다. 불행한 죽음을 위로하던 불교 의식은 해마다 일정한 시기에 마련되어 일상의 고단함을 털고 휴식을 취할 수 있는 축제의 장으로 자리 잡았다. 유교 국가의 정책적 탄압에 '위험한 축제'로 인식되던 불교 의례가 정례적인 세시풍속이자 공동체의 축제로 수용되는 과정을 불교 회화에 재현된 시선의 변화에서 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.397-402
• /
• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 화성시에 거주하는 유치열기 어린이의 전치부 공극과 총생에 대해 알아보는 것이다. 한 명의 소아치과 전문의가 만 3 - 4세 유치열기 어린이들의 구강 내 임상 사진을 촬영하였으며, 400명 중 237명이 포함 기준을 충족하였다. 전치부 공극의 유무는 인접면 접촉의 유무로 판단하였다. 상악에서 생리적 치간 공극이 관찰되는 어린이는 47.3%였으며, 하악에서는 38.0%였다. 양악 모두에서 접촉 혹은 총생의 치열을 보이는 어린이는 43.5%였다. 여아보다 남아에서 생리적 치간공극이 존재하는 경우가 더 많았다. 상악에서는 영장류 공간이 발육공간에 비해 더 많이 발견되었으나, 하악에서는 그 차이가 적었다. 상악에서는 유중절치 사이에 공극이 있는 경우보다 유중절치와 유측절치 사이에 공극이 있는 어린이가 더 많았으며, 반면 하악에서는 유중절치 사이에 공극이 있는 어린이가 유중절치와 유측절치 사이 혹은 유측절치와 유견치 사이에 공극이 있는 어린이보다 많았다. 본 연구를 통해 3 - 4세 유치열기 어린이의 전치부 공극과 총생의 정도를 파악할 수 있었으며, 추후 더 많은 표본으로 조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 유치열기의 전치부 공극 혹은 총생은 어린이 개인에 따라, 성별에 따라, 악궁에 따라, 치간 위치에 따라 다른 정도를 보이므로, 치과의사는 유치의 치관부를 수복할 때 이에 대한 인식 하에 치료를 시행하여야 한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.118-124
• /
• 1984

Congenital Cystic Adenomatiod Malformation (C.C.A.M.) is rare, but one of the most common congenital pulmonary anomalies that cause acute respiratory distress in the newborn infants. It is characterized and differentiated from the diffuse pulmonary cystic disease pathologically, i.e. adenomatoid appearance due to marked proliferation of the terminal respiratory components. An 2/12 year old male patient was suffered from respiratory distress and cyanosis on crying since birth, but no specific therapy was given. With progression of symptoms, he came to Korea University Hospital for further evaluation and then transfered to Dept. of Chest Surgery for operative correction under the impression of Congenital Obstructive Emphysema suggested by a pediatrician. On gestational and family history, there was nothing to be concerned such as congenital anomaly. Physical examinations showed; moderate nourishment and development (Wt. 5.5kg), cyanosis on crying, both intercostal and lower sternal retraction on inspiration, Lt. chest building with tympany, Rt. shifting of cardiac dullness, decreased breathing sound with expiratory wheezing on entire Lt. lung field, decreased breathing sound on Rt. upper lung filed, and tachycardia. The remainders were nonspecific. Laboratory findings were normal except WBC $14000/mm^3$ (lymphocyte 70%), Hgb 9.8m%, Hct 28%, negative Mantaux test, and sinus tachycardia and counter-clockwise rotation on EKG. Preoperative simple Chest PA revealed marked hyperlucent entire Lt. lung, herniation of Lt. upper lobe to Rt., collapsed Rt. upper lobe, tracheal deviation and mediastinal shifting to Rt., and no pleural reaction. At operation, after Lt. posterolateral thoracotomy, 4th rib was resected. Operative findings were severe emphysematous changes limited to both lingular segmentectomy was done. The resected specimen showed slight solidity, measuring $8{\times}4.5{\times}2cm$ in size, and small multiple cystic spaces filled with air. Microscopically, entire tissue structures were glandular in appearance, cyst were lined by ciliated columnar epithelium, and occasional cartilages were noted around the cystic spaces. Bronchial elements were dilated but normal pattern on histologically. The patient had a good postoperative courses clinically and radiologically, and discharged on POD 10th without event. The authors report a case of Cogenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (C.C.A.M.)

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.7-26
• /
• 2012

Nakseonjae in Changdeokgung Palace was established at The King Hunjong's 13rd year (1847), the mid-19th century. It was constructed for own rests of King Hunjong and the residence of Kyungbin (king's concubines), and is showing features of upper-class houses from several points such as rustic architectural types by getting out of authoritative aspects as king's shelter space within the palace, block and floor distribution that separated spaces for men and women, simplicity in structures and styles, and non-colorful painting etc. This study aims at tracing on which architectural types did the upper-class houses within Hanyang (modern Seoul) at late Joseon Dynasty have and what was characteristics of Nakseonjae. The resemblance between Nakseonjae and the upper-class houses was very little differences from scale aspects, and floor plan shapes of Anchae (women's quarters) and Sarangchae (men's quarters) were followed basic common styles. Also, resemblance could be confirmed in the structural styles too. Characteristics of Nakseonjae are showing apparent differences from clearance compositions such as hall configuration etc. Nakseonjae was king's dwelling place, and spaces for house's collateral functions such as kitchen, stable, and warehouse etc together with shrine were unnecessary, and such places were substituted into servants' quarters for assisting the Royal family. In detailed structural styles, column's size was larger 3cm or more than the upper-class houses, and its height was higher to the degree of 30~60cm. Besides, formality as king's shelter space was raised more in decorating aspects, and Nakseonjae was implemented by getting architectural influences from Qing Dynasty of China. This study induced features of Hanyang's upper-class houses at the 19th century by supplementing distribution and space configurations at existing cases of Seoul and Gyeonggi area together with house diagrams having been collected by Gaokdohyung (site and floor plan) of Jangseogak Library, and confirmed resemblances and differences with Nakseonjae, that is, features of Nakseonjae. Through the result, this study judges a fact that architecture of Nakseonjae seemed to be affected from conveniences of upper-class houses within Hanseong, and also architectural styles and distribution types of Nakseonje would give influences to the upper-class houses.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제18권12호
• /
• pp.32-41
• /
• 2017

본 논문은 천안지역의 아파트단지 외부공간을 분석함에 있어서 공간구문론을 활용하여 구성요소 간의 관계성을 기반으로 하는 각 구성요소들의 배치 속성을 단지 전체 차원에서 해석하는 것을 목적으로 하며, 본 연구에 대한 예비 연구적 성격으로 진행하였다. 아파트단지 외부공간이 모두 연결되어 있는 하나의 공간구조라는 관점으로 거주자의 보행에 기반을 두고 각 공간 및 시설로의 출입공간에 대한 접근성 변화를 분석하였다. 총 5시기로 구분하고, 아파트단지 외부공간에 위치한 시설 및 공간으로의 출입공간을 단위공간으로 설정하였는데, 본 연구에서는 단지주출입공간, 주동 출입공간, 단지내 상가, 관리사무소/경로당, 어린이놀이터, 주민운동시설 등 총 6개의 분석항목을 설정하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 단지주출입공간의 접근성은 거의 모든 시기에서 높게 나타났으며, 주동 출입공간은 전반적으로 낮은 접근성을 보이고 있다. 둘째, 단지내 상가는 접근성이 향상되고 있는 경향을 보이고 있다. 셋째, 주민공동공간으로 볼 수 있는 관리사무소/경로당, 어린이놀이터, 주민운동시설 중에서 어린이놀이터의 경우는 예외적으로 통합도 순위가 시기별 큰 변화 없이 일정하게 높은 경향을 보이고 있고, 관리사무소/경로당의 경우는 최근으로 올수록 통합도 순위가 높아지는 경향을 보여 접근성이 좋은 위치에 주로 계획되고 있음을 나타내고 있다.

• 토지주택연구
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.61-78
• /
• 2021

도시 계획 의사 결정 과정에서 그린 어바니즘의 원리를 적용하기 위해 이 연구는 그린 어바니즘에 대한 국제 연구들의 동향과 주요 화제를 규명하였다. 이 연구는 2000년부터 2020년까지 국제학계에 발표된 그린 어바니즘 연구 문헌들을 전수 조사하였다. 연구 문헌들의 서지 정보 간의 관계를 파악하기 위해 인용, 공동저술, 동시출현 분석법과 소셜 네트워크 분석법(SNA)과 같은 분석방법들이 활용되었다. 이러한 관계들은 VOSviewer와 Ucinet 소프트웨어를 통해 가시화되고 분석되었다. 국제학계에서 2000년부터 2020년까지 21개국 54개 기관들에서 그린 어바니즘 연구들이 수행되었으나 연구 성과물들은 그리 많지 않았고 거의 모든 성과들이 공동 연구보다는 개별 연구를 통해 얻어졌다. 그린 어바니즘의 최고 화제는 "지속가능성"이었다. 이와 관련하여 초기에 피상적이었던 화제들이 점차적으로 건조환경, 기반시설, 건강 등과 같이 구체적인 화제들로 변화되었다. 지속가능성을 추구하는 국제적 동향에 따라 그린 어바니즘은 환경적으로 지속 가능한 도시 공간을 실현할 수 있는 해법이 될 것으로 기대한다. 이러한 비전의 실현과정에서 거버넌스의 중재와 정책적 지원이 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추론되었다. 따라서 향후에 이러한 화제들과 관련된 지속 가능한 도시 계획을 위한 의사결정 모델 개발이 필요하다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 2008

Low back disorders (LBDs) have been the most common musculoskeletal problem in Korean workplaces. It affects many workers, and is associated with high costs to many companies as well as the individual, which can negatively influence even the quality of life of workers. The _evaluation of low back disorder risk associated with manual materials handling tasks can be performed using variety of ergonomic assessment tools such as National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Revised Lifting Equation (NLE), the Washington Administrative Code 296-62-0517 (WAC), the Snook Tables etc. But most of these tools provide limited information for choosing the most appropriate assessment method for a particular job and in finding out advantage and disadvantage of the methods, and few have been assessed for their predictive ability. The focus of this study was to _evaluate spinal loads in real time with lifting and pulling heavy cow leathers in variety of postures. Data for estimating mean trunk motions were collected as employees did their work at the job site, using the Lumbar Motion Monitor. Eight employees (2 males, 6 females) were selected in this study, in which the load weight and the vertical start and destination heights of the activity remained constant throughout the task. Variance components (three dimensional spaces) of mean trunk kinematic measures were estimated in a hierarchical design. They were used to compute velocity and acceleration of multiple employees performing the same task and to repetitive movements within a task. Therefore, a results of this study could be used as a quantitative, objective measure to design the workplace so that the risk of occupationally related low back disorder should be minimized.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.262-271
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to classify types of family visitors' behaviors more concretely, which could be useful in planning of exhibition spaces in a science museum, with given priority to their behaviors according to interaction between them, and to understand characteristics of the behaviors. With this view, the scope of this study was restricted to subjects, who were family visitors of Gwacheon National Science Museum, consisting of parents and their one elementary school child per family unit. For understanding their behaviors, itinerary tracking and observation method of behavior were conducted. Moreover, for understanding substantial types and characteristics of family visitors' behaviors, multivariate analysis was applied. Accordingly, the results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of factor analysis, two main factors were derived. In other words, they were 'Durability of viewing' as the first and 'Interactivity between family members' as the second, which were shown valid in classification of the types of their behaviors. Second, according to the factors derived, the types of their behaviors were classified into in-depth cooperative viewing, selective independent viewing, interest concentration child-led viewing and consideration parent-led viewing. They were shown valid in topological localization and classification, as a result of analysis of the main factors. Third, in view of common characteristics of the types, it is judged that active orientation prior to regular viewing could encourage visitors coming to the museum for the first time to feel more friendly to unfamiliar exhibition environments, during the initial seek time, and to reduce visual supersaturation. Fourth, it is judged that distributed arrangement of exhibits, which result in continuous standby, could avoid confused visitor circulation by the estimated time required for viewing.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.228-239
• /
• 2012

This study aims to propose the improvement direction of spatial organization of orphanage facilities by reflecting the international trend of child welfare facilities including 'enhancement of habitability', 'opening to the local community' and 'multi-functionality' on the basis of ideas of 'right of housing' and 'normalization'. Orphanage facilities are evolving from 'facilities' to accommodate unfortunate children to the concept of the 'community-care', and the residential space is also rapidly shifting to 'cottage' type resembling a residential type of ordinary family so as to enhance the self-esteem and relationship. To suggest the future-oriented changeability of current orphanage facilities, the present study conducted a nationwide survey of child welfare facilities and four Visiting researches of cottage type orphanage with different locations to investigate the appropriateness of housing type, organization of common use space, mode of management and facilities criteria. The results of this study are following: 1) For enhancement of habitability it is suggested that cottage type with various plans in the form of ordinary housing is appropriate, that the number of children per cottage is six or so, and that the number of less than two or three children per room is recommended. At the same time the adjustment of facilities criteria, simplified or complex, is suggested to support a similar residence pattern to ordinary home. 2) Specialized programs must be introduced to establish a base of welfare-network for community children according to features of location and a complex management must be sought in the connection with neighboring public facilities. 3) To secure the residential environment and quality of life for children, the concept of a simple playground space by the current facilities criteria must be broken away to reinforce the network of various outdoor spaces closely connected with living space.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.200-210
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study is to activate dining facilities by integrating the factors of space marketing. In this study, It extracts the factors of space marketing applied in the real space on the basis of precedent studies. The selection standard of precedent studies focused on the planning and strategy of space marketing conducted after 2000, and 28 factors in total 16 precedent studies were extracted. We extracted only the factors of space marketing which is applicable to dining facilities by merging and reestablishing them. The extracted 12 factors included. In this way, we conducted a survey on the factors of space marketing as well as utilization and satisfaction considered to be needed for the activation of dining facilities based on H university dining facility in Seoul. Accordingly, I collected a total of 215 copies and analyzed them by SPSS program. According to the result, it indicated that there were many students who primarily used the outside dining facilities rather than university dining facilities regarding the utilization of university dining facilities, and unsatisfactory factors included the design and size of the entrance, quality of the serving space, quality and noise of the dining space, other facilities, size and quality of the rest space and drinking fountain, snack bar, and cafe regarding the satisfaction of each space. It also indicated that the factors which influent the image of university dinning facilities the most included the marketing factors considered to activate university dining facilities such as spatial factors, sensuous factors, and environment friendly factors in order. Therefore, we can consider the interacting operation system that students primarily decorate, improve and use the spaces of the outside dining facilities and other university dining facilities. In conclusion, it's need to consider activating university dining facilities which have been responsible for only basic parts by integrating the marketing factors in common with the outside dining facilities.