• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1010-1015
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• 2008

The effects of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties and mineral composition of sun-dried salt were investigated. The salts parched at high temperature were appeared the higher alkalinity and the lower oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) than the samples without heat treatment. The commercial salts (bamboo salt and yellow loess salt) and the sun-dried salt parched at high temperature had relatively higher sodium ion content (418-450 ppm) compared to that (418.0 ppm) of refined salt. The increase of calcium ion occurred in the salts parched at high temperature compared to the sun-dried salt without heat treatment, but the magnesium ion was vice versa. The commercial salt, yellow loess salt had highest turbidity (0.973) whereas sun-dried salt showed lowest level (0.097) among the tested samples. Turbidity of heat treatment samples decreased as solubility increased. The maximum concentration of dialyzed salt was reached after 4 hr regardless of various processed salts, but those had no difference significantly among the tested samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the parched sun-dried salts showed different peak intensity with common salts, and they were similar to the patterns of oxide salts, especially MgO. The maximum value (2.56%) of MgO appeared in the sun-dried salt parched at $1,400^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.519-524
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• 2005

국내산 소금과 수입산 소금의 무기질 및 중금속 함량의 차이와 이들 소금이 새우젓의 무기질 및 중금속 함량에 미치는 영향을 파악하였으며, 실제 시판되고 있는 새우젓을 산지별로 구입하여 무기질 및 중금속 함량을 분석하였다. 국산 천일염과 그것으로 제조한 새우젓은 중국산에 비해 Cu, K, Mg의 함량이 많았으며, 중국산 천일염과 그것으로 제조한 새우젓은 Mn, Na함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 시판새우젓에서는 산지에 따른 무기질의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 중금속을 분석한 결과 시판 소금은 Pb, Hg 및 As는 검출되지 않았으나, Cd는 식품공전의 규정(<0.5ppm) 이하인 0.07-0.30ppm의 함량으로 검출되었다. 20 종의 시판 새우젓의 경우, Cd가 0.1 ppm(ND-0.5 ppm)의 함량으로 검출되었으며, 실험실 제조 새우젓의 경우, Pb이 0.3ppm(ND-0.8ppm)의 함량으로 검출되었으며, 다른 중금속(As, Hg, and Ni)은 검출되지 않았다.

• Safe Food
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.14-24
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• 2009

• 분석과학
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2015

In order to understand the counter anionic effects in a non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), we synthesized four types of electrolyte salts (1-ethyltriethamine tertafluoroborate, [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, 1-ethyltriethamine hexafluorophosphate, [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻, 1-butyltriethylamine tertafluoroborate, [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, and 1-buthyltriethamine hexafluorophosphate [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻) by counter anion exchange reaction after the SN₂ reaction. We confirmed the successful synthesis of the electrolyte salts [E-TEDA]⁺[Br]⁻ and [B-TEDA]⁺[Br]⁻ via ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and GC-mass analysis before the counter anion exchange reaction. The electric potential of the vanadium acetylacetonate, V(acac)₃, as an energy storage chemical was shown to be 2.2 V in the acetonitrile solvent with each of the [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻, [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, and [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts. In a non-aqueous VRFB with a commercial Neosepta AFN membrane, the maximum voltages reached 1.0 V and 1.5 V under a fixed current value of 0.1 mA in acetonitrile with the [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻ and [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts, respectively. The maximum voltage was 0.8 V and 1.1 V under a fixed current value of 0.1 mA in acetonitrile with the [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻ and [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts, respectively. From these results, we concluded that in the non-aqueous VRFB more of the [PF₆]⁻ counter anion than the [BF₄]⁻ counter anion was transported onto the commercial Neosepta AFN anion exchange membrane.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.806-813
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• 2001

천일염, 한주 소금, 구운 소금 및 죽염이 김치 발효에 중요한 영향을 미치는 미생물인 Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum과 산막효모인 Pichia membranaefaciens 및 식품오염의 지표균인 E. coli의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 각각의 소금을 3%, 5% 농도로 첨가하여 김치 발효 조건에 따라 배양 온도를 각각 1$0^{\circ}C$, 18$^{\circ}C$, 37$^{\circ}C$로 나누어 비교하였다. 그 결과 Leuconostoc mesenteroides는 배양 온도가 낮을수록, 소금 농도가 높을수록 성장이 저해되었으나 소금 종류별로는 특이할 만한 저해 효과는 나타나지 않았다. Lactobacillus plantarum도 마찬가지로 배양 온도가 낮을수록, 소금 농도가 높을수록 성장이 억제되었으며, 특히 18$^{\circ}C$, 5% 소금농도에서 죽염에 대해 저해 효과가 두드러졌고 1$0^{\circ}C$배양에서는 소금 종류와 농도에 관계없이 생육이 상당히 저조했다. Pichia membranaefaciens는 배양 온도에 관계없이 죽염에서 상당한 저해효과를 보였으며, 특히 18$^{\circ}C$, 5$^{\circ}C$ 소금농도에서는 전혀 자라지 못해 완전한 억제 효과를 보였다. E. coli도 다른 소금에 비해 1$0^{\circ}C$와 18$^{\circ}C$에서 죽염에 대해 저해 효과가 두드러졌다. 따라서 본 실험 결과 김치발효에도 어느 정도 관여하나 과다한 산 생성으로 김치의 가식기간을 단축시키는 Lactobacillus plantarum과 김치 표면에 산막을 형성하여 부패를 촉진시키는 Pichia membranaefaciens 그리고 식품오염의 지표균인 E. coli의 성장에 죽염이 다른 소금에 비해 상당한 저해 효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2004년도 Proceedings of the second conference of aseanian membrane society
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• pp.155-160
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• 2004

Permeation experiments of a commercial nanofiltration membrane (nominated as ESNA 1) were carried out with aqueous solutions of various single salts, that is, five chlorides (NH$_4$Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl$_2$ and $CaCl_2$), three nitrates $(NaNo_3,\;Mg(No_3)_2\;and\;Ca(NO_3)_2)\;and\;three\;sulfates\;((NH_4)_2SO_4,\;Na_2SO_4\;and\;MgSO_4)$. The experimental results showed that (1) the permeate volume flux of the ESNA 1 membrane increased and decreased with the growth of the applied pressure and the feed concentration of salts, respectively. The real rejection of ESNA 1 membrane to most single salts increased with the growth of the permeate volume flux. (2) The reflection coefficients of ESNA 1 membrane to chlorides, nitrates and sulfates are 0.97, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. The solute permeability of most salts except for magnesium and calcium salts increased with the growth of feed concentration. (3) The sequence of the rejections of ESNA 1 membrane to anions is $R({SO_4}^{2-})>R(CI)>R(NO_3)$ at the same feed concentration. While the sequence of the rejections to cations is cataloged into two cases: $R(Na^+)>R(K^+)>R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})$ at the concentration of 10 mol/$m^3$ and $R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})>R(Na^+)>R(K^+)$ at the concentration of 100 mol/$m^3$. The separation capability of a NF membrane is usually affected by the electrostatic effect and the steric-hindrance effect. In this case, the electrostatic effect is the major factor at low concentration and the steric-hindrance effect is the major factor at high concentration. Both the specific sorption and the hydration also reasonably influenced the separation performance of NF membrane to salts.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

시중 유통 소금 55건은 유형별로는 천일염 22건, 가공소금 17건, 재제소금 16건이었으며, 국산 33건, 수입 22건이었다. 수입국으로는 프랑스를 비롯하여 미국, 일본, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 아르헨티나였다. 식용소금 55건을 ICP-OES 및 Mercury analyzer를 이용하여 납, 카드뮴, 크롬, 구리, 비소, 니켈, 알루미늄, 코발트, 수은을 분석한 결과 평균 $0.281{\pm}0.344$, $0.035{\pm}0.221$, $0.364{\pm}0.635$, $0.182{\pm}0.313$, $0.046{\pm}0.062$, $0.155{\pm}0.247$, $5.753{\pm}10.746$, $0.028{\pm}0.211$, $0.001{\pm}0.001$ mg/kg이 검출되었다. 납의 검출량은 천일염에서 가공소금, 재제소금보다 유의적인 수준으로 높았으며, 크롬과 니켈은 가공소금에서 다른 소금에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 알루미늄은 수입산 천일염과 가공소금에서 시료 간 큰 차이를 나타냈으며, 검출량이 높은 제품은 프랑스산으로 지역적인 영향이 큰 것으로 판단된다. 소금의 섭취 시 중금속에 대한 안전성을 평가하기 위해 소금을 통한 중금속의 주간섭취량과 FAO/WHO에서 제시하는 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI), 1인 1일 최대섭취허용량(PMTDI)과 미국 환경보호청(U.S. EPA)의 만성경구섭취 참고용량(RfD)과 비교하여 %PTWI를 구하였다. 금속별 주간섭취량은 납, 카드뮴, 크롬, 구리, 수은 각각 평균 0.413(0.000~1.688), 0.026(0.000~0.505), 0.667 (0.000~5.519), 0.265(0.022~1.720), 0.002(0.000~0.005), ${\mu}g/kg$ bw/week이었으며, %PTWI는 납, 카드뮴, 크롬, 구리, 수은이 각각 1.652(0.000~6.754), 0.372(0.000~7.214), 3.177(0.000~26.279), 0.008(0.001~0.049), 0.031(0.000~0.094)%로 소금을 통한 중금속 섭취량은 안전한 수준으로 판단되었다.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2001년도 제31회 학술심포지움 및 춘계학술대회
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• pp.30-30
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• 2001

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.464-471
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• 2008

The electrolyte separator for thermal battery should be easily handled and loaded a large amount of the molten salt. Ceramic fibers, especially fibrous commercial glass filters were used as an electrolyte separator and the lithium based molten salts were infiltrated into the ceramic filters. The pore structures of the ceramic filter and the melting properties of the lithium salts affected to the electrolyte loading and leakage. During the infiltration, ions of $Li^+$ and $F^-$ in the molten salts were reacted with the glass fiber and caused to be weaken the fiber strength.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2000

This study was investigated to observe Lactobacillus spp. population of poultry digestive organ, duodenum, ilium, cecum and colon by growing steps and to select of valuable lactobacilli as probiotics. Two strains of male broiler commercial chickens, Hybrid and Ross, were used to evaluate population of Lactobacillus spp. in intestinal tracts. Three strains of Lactobacillus were identified, and bile salts environment. The number of lactovacilli was the lowest in duodenum compared to other intestinal tracts which had similar population. Population of Lactobacillus was maintained constantly regardless growing steps after one week of age. Identification of Lactobacillus from cecum resulted in L.reuteri BC5, L. crispatus BC7, L.reuteri BC9. All strains was depressed in pH 1 and 2, although two strains could survive for one hour at pH 2. And they could survive at pH 4 for 4hours. In bile salts tolerance, L.reuteri BC5, L.crispatus BC7 were maintained for 2 hours, but the growth reduced from 2hours. Growth of L.reuteri BC9 was increased continuously. In conclusion, Lactobacillus of intestinal tracts were established at first week, and maintained constant population. They were influenced on severe acidic condition and bile salts. Cecal Lactobacillus has different growth charcteristics by strains.