• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2000

The recycling method of enokitake cultural waste and the potentiality of second flush for enokitake were determined, because this fungus is not as prolific as the more commonly cultivated white rot fungi in the conversion of sawdust to mycelial mass. The mycelial growth of F. velutipes on several substrates, variously treated with rice bran was promoted at ratios of 10-20% (w/w) on all substrates, but suppressed at above ratios, although some difference was there. The mycelial densities generally increased correlated to the supplementation contents of rice bran. It could be concluded that F. velutipes preferred mild acidic to acidic conditions for mycelial growth, considering that the mycelial growth rate was highest on waste of pH 6.01, treated with 0.1 % Ca(OH)$_2$ and on populus mixed waste of pH 6.02, non treated. The ranges of substrate bulk densities, which was pertinent for mycelial linear growth were from B.D. (g/cc) 0.17 to 0.23 on waste and populus mixed waste all. The pertinent contents of rice bran supplementation in bottle cultivation was from 20 to 30% on waste and 20% on populus mixed waste, considering the requried duration for pinheading and fruiting yields. Standard bulk density for filling and utilizing the waste and populus mixed waste for commercial f. velutipes cultivation were B.D.(g/cc) 0.19 ~ 0.23, and 0.23~ 0.25, which could be conversed to 510~ 540g/900m1 and 520~ 570g/900m1, respectively, The second flush of F. velutipes was tried and the re-inoculation by sawdust and liquid spawn showed somewhat good results, indicating the potentiality of second crop and suggesting further research for it.

• ALGAE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2019

Ecklonia cava is popular in Korea as a marine functional materials. E. cava is generally collected and used on the coast of Jeju Island. However, the continuous use of collected natural E. cava may be limited because difficult to secure throughout the year and may be exposed to environmental pollution. Jeju magma seawater (MSW) was known to be significant advantages such as safety, cleanness, stability, and functional improvement. Attempts have been reported on application of MSW to the culturing of macro- and microalgae and showed improved results. Thus, the objective of the present study was to explore the anti-melanogenesis activity of brown seaweed E. cava (E. cava cultured with MSW [MSWE]) extract cultured in tanks with MSW of Jeju Island to evaluate the possibility of cosmeceutical industrial application. MSWE extract showed the higher polyphenolic and dieckol contents than natural E. cava (NE) extract. Anti-melanogenesis activity of MSWE extract and NE extract are tested and compared using tyrosinase and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidation inhibition assay. MSWE extracts evidenced more effective tyrosinase and DOPA oxidation inhibition activity than that of the NE extracts and the commercial whitening agent, arbutin. MSWE extracts also markedly inhibited melanin synthesis and decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related protein in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells without cytotoxicity. These results suggest that MSW cultivation process would be more effective in releasing bioactive compounds with whitening effect from seaweed such as E. cava at an industrial scale.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

This study tried to evaluate the official Korea Red Ginseng(Hongsam) trade in 19th century. The Hongsam trade activities of the 19th century also show that the collected amount of Posam taxes (Hongsam taxes) alone outweigh the amount of cost spent during the same time period to launch tributary actions. It is quite obvious that the Chosun dynasty, supported by the developed techniques of ginseng cultivation and preservation methods, managed to stop the silver leaks while also stimulating the domestic commerce, handicraft business and mining operations, by exporting Hongsam to China and importing raw material and other finished products in return. The Chosun government also managed to secure considerable amount of marginal profit which at times mounted to almost 2 hundred thousand Nyangs of silver during the latter half of the 19th century thanks to this Hongsam trade activities, and accumulated the hoof-shaped pieces of silver ingot at the office of Ministry of Taxation. Even under the mostly undesirable political environment featuring unjustified deeds of the powerful houses, the commercial activities were being strongly maintained, and the transactions conducted by merchants of the Gaeseong, Euiju areas and the capital city were prospering.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1325-1334
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• 2022

Global warming has accelerated in recent decades due to the continuous consumption of petroleum-based fuels. Cyanobacteria-derived biofuels are a promising carbon-neutral alternative to fossil fuels that may help achieve a cleaner environment. Here, we propose an effective strategy based on the large-scale cultivation of a newly isolated cyanobacterial strain to produce phycobiliprotein and biodiesel, thus demonstrating the potential commercial applicability of the isolated microalgal strain. A native cyanobacterium was isolated from Goryeong, Korea, and identified as Pseudanabaena mucicola GO0704 through 16s RNA analysis. The potential exploitation of P. mucicola GO0704 was explored by analyzing several parameters for mixotrophic culture, and optimal growth was achieved through the addition of sodium acetate (1 g/l) to the BG-11 medium. Next, the cultures were scaled up to a stirred-tank bioreactor in mixotrophic conditions to maximize the productivity of biomass and metabolites. The biomass, phycobiliprotein, and fatty acids concentrations in sodium acetate-treated cells were enhanced, and the highest biodiesel productivity (8.1 mg/l/d) was achieved at 96 h. Finally, the properties of the fuel derived from P. mucicola GO0704 were estimated with converted biodiesels according to the composition of fatty acids. Most of the characteristics of the final product, except for the cloud point, were compliant with international biodiesel standards [ASTM 6761 (US) and EN 14214 (Europe)].

• ALGAE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.109-127
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• 2024

High production and efficient harvesting of microalgae containing high omega-3 levels are critical concerns for industrial use. Aeration can elevate production of some microalgae by providing CO₂ and O₂. However, it may lower the production of others by generating shear stress, causing severe cell damage. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium smaydae is a new, promising microalga for omega-3 fatty acid production owing to its high docosahexaenoic acid content, and determining optimal conditions and methods for high omega-3 fatty acid production and efficient harvest using G. smaydae is crucial for its commercial utilization. Therefore, to determine whether continuous aeration is required, we measured densities of G. smaydae and the dinoflagellate prey Heterocapsa rotundata in a 100-L semi-continuous cultivation system under no aeration and continuous aeration conditions daily for 9 days. Furthermore, to determine the optimal conditions for harvesting through centrifugation, different rotational speeds of the continuous centrifuge and different flow rates of the pump injecting G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells into the centrifuge were tested. Under continuous aeration, G. smaydae production gradually decreased; however, without aeration, the production remained stable. Harvesting efficiency and the dry weights of omega-3 fatty acids of G. smaydae + H. rotundata cells at a rotational speed of 16,000 rpm were significantly higher than those at 2,000-8,000 rpm. However, these parameters did not significantly differ at injection pump flow rates of 1.0-4.0 L min^-1. The results of the present study provide a basis for optimized production and harvest conditions for G. smaydae and other microalgae.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.270-295
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• 2010

This thesis is to examine natural environments and the change of socio-economic conditions in the clan villages of Kyongbuk region through the case study of Sanggok and Suchon one. The results of the study is summarized in the followings. Firstly, after the early 1990s Sanggok clan village located in Dasan-myeon was not influenced by its natural environmets, but by the relative location near a large city, Taegu. On the contrary, after the 1980s Suchon clan village in Byeokjin-myeon has been grown as an agricultural area of commercially producing water melon due to mountain and its related climate. Secondly, the total population of Sanggok and Suchon clan village have been continuously declined after the 1970s. Particularly the numbers of children per household were declined to 2.4 in the late 2000s. Consequently it is suspected whether or not the clan villages will be existed in spite of their declining population in the future. Thirdly, people in the Sanggok and Suchon clan village were generally poor due to the small agricultural land. After the 1970s, however, the villages have been largely influenced by the industrialization and urbanization of Korea. Sanggok clan village was influenced by the outside expansion of Taegu metropolitan city due to its relative location while Suchon village by the commercial cultivation of water melon under a good condition of natural environments. Fourthly, there are differences between people's cognition to the agricultural conditions of the Sanggok and Suchon clan village. Such a difference is closely related to the socio-economic conditions of the two different clan villages.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2020

This study was conducted to cultivate new Lepista nuda varieties with shorter cultivation period and better fruiting body compared to that of wild strains, for mass production and commercial application. Eighteen genetic resources of L. nuda were collected and grown in boxes using rice straw-fermented growth medium. Four lines with fruiting bodies were formed and selected as cross-breeding lines. Although 657 combinations were crossed through monospore crossing, only 17 combinations were bred between the 'CBMLN-19' line and the 'CBMLN-30' line. Among them, 8 lines with fast mycelial growth and high density were selected. After inoculating the rice straw-fermented growth medium with 14 genetic resources and 8 cross-breeding lines, their incubation period was investigated. Six of the cross-breeding lines completed their incubation in 20 days, while 7 of the 14 genetic resources took more than 40 days to complete their incubation, reducing the incubation period by more than 20 days in most cross-breeding lines. After the incubations were completed, the clay loam soil was covered with for post-cultivation, and when the mycelial cultivation was complete, the formation of fruiting bodies was induced after scraping the mycelial bodies under these environmental conditions: 14℃, 95% relative humidity or higher, and 1,500 to 2,000 ppm CO2 concentration. The temperature was reduced to 6℃ at night, resulting in a low temperature shock. Thus, 4 lines of fruiting bodies occurred from two genetic resources 'CBMLN-31' and 'CBMLN-44' and two cross-bred lines 'CBMLN-96' and 'CBMLN-103'. After inoculation, the longest period for fruiting bodies to occur was 100 days for the control:, the genetic resource 'CBMLN-31', and the shortest period (45 days) was observed for the cross-breeding line 'CBMLN-103'. The result of the investigation of the fruiting body characteristics shows that the cross-bred line 'CBMLN-103' showed a small form with 1.9 g of individual weight and 123validstipes per box, which was the highest incidence among the four lines. Another cross-bred line, 'CBMLN-96', had an individual weight of 5.5 g, which is larger than that of 'CBMLN-103'; however, the number of valid stipes per box was 30 less than that of 'CBMLN-103'. Quantity analysis showed that the control, 'CBMLN-31', had the highest quantity of 783 g per box, followed by the cross-bred line, 'CBMLN-96' with 165 g per box, and then the 'CBMLN-103' with 232 g. The quantity of the two crossbred lines was lower than that of the control 'CBMLN-31'; however, the amount of fruiting bodies was higher, and the cultivation period was shortened by 32 to 33 days. Therefore, these two lines would be selected as superior lines.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2014

We aim to elucidate suitable mixed color of light during development of fruit body in Pleurotus ostreatus. The four mixed color of LED(Light Emitting Diode), blue and white, green and white, blue and green and green and red LED, were irradiated for formation of fruit-body. First, as effect of mixed color of LED, the properties of fruit body of P. ostreatus in blue and white LED irradiation were showed higher commercial yields than those in control(fluorescent lamp). And the ergothioneine was the highest at the blue and white LED. Second, we could obtain higher commercial yields than those at the $1{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ of light intensity by blue and white LED in P. ostreatus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.53-56
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• 2006

The enormous production of spores by the fruitbodies in the cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) is develop an allergy with symptoms similar to an "extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EEA)". the sporeless strain would noy only benefit health of mushroom workers but also reduce the risk of viral infections on the mushroom farms. For the development of a sporeless strain of P. ostreatus we used strain ASI 2069. This non-commercial strain is completely nonsporulating. We have recovered both nuclear types of strain ASI 2069 as monokaryons (hereafter referred to as neohaplonts) by protoplasting the mycelium. Crosses between neohaplonts and SSI's(single spore isolates) obtained from a sporulating commercial strain ASI 2180 yielded fruitbodies that isolated 128 strains. 13 excellent strains are selected from 30 bred strains by quality of fruitbodies and spore number. Among 13 excellent strains, G192 strain is chose finally to high yield and sporelessness.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.471-474
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• 2007

Eucalyptus plantations play a major role in the China's ecological, social, economic and other aspects and presently China is the second largest producer of Eucalyptus in the world next to Brazil. It was introduced as an ornamental tree during 1890 but later it became a commercial crop. During 1960s large number of Eucalyptus timber were used for railway sleepers and it was also used as shelter belt for rubber trees. It becomes one of the important national resources of commercial timber once the production reached to 5 million $m^{3}/yr$. Through Eucalyptus oil, it brought about 20% of foreign exchange. In the present study, it was aimed to estimate the Eucalyptus growing area in the southern Guangdong in China in terms of aerial extent and changes between 1991 and 2001 using Landsat TM and ETM+ data. Object based classification technique and subsequent temporal change detection analysis were followed to identify the changes between the periods. In the present study, the total area was divided into three classes viz., plantation area with trees, plantation area without trees and others. Object oriented classification was found to be more accurate in the present study. Overall increase of about 23.62 $km^{2}$ was noted between 1991 and 2001 in the plantation area. With reference to the present study area, the growth of Eucalyptus growing area was 7.4% in the 10 year periods. From this study it is clear that the area under Eucalyptus cultivation is growing considerably year by year in China. However, elaborate study must be conducted considering larger areas to accurately predict the growth of Eucalyptus growing areas.