• Title/Summary/Keyword: combined technology

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Characteristics of Membrane Permeability on the Separation of Solid in a Liquid Livestock Manure (축분액비의 고액분리에 있어서 분리막의 투과특성)

  • 황명구;차기철;이명규
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.175-184
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    • 2000
  • A lab-scale MF membrane reactor was installed to investigate the membrane permeability, characteristics of membrane fouling at each conditions, and quality of permeate (liquid livestock manure) in the separation of solid-matters using membrane. Experiment was divided three filtration type such as follows; continuous filtration, gravity filtration, and intermittent filtration. As a result of experiment, flux 1 LMH was maintained for 7days, and trans-membrane pressure(TMP) was increased gradually under 10cmHg, but it was increased immediately after 10cmHg, respectively. However, the flux was increased, the Tmax was decreased exponential more and more. During the pure-flux test, most of the fouling of membrane was reversible. At the gravity filtration, permeate could be obtained as 1.75 LMH for 3.5days without any other electronic pressure. As an investigation of membrane surface, this study could be decided that the reason of fouling at the lower flux (Run 1 and 2) was attached matters in membrane surface, but at the higher flux (Run 4-6) was concentration polarization.

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Conceptual Design of the Three Unit Fixed Partial Denture with Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites (Glass fiber 강화 복합레진을 사용한 3본 고정성 국소의치의 개념 설계 연구)

  • Na, Kyoung-Hee;Lee, Kyu-Bok;Jo, Kwang-Hun
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.145-155
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    • 2002
  • The results of the present feasibility study are summarized as follows, 1. The three unit bridge of knitted material and UD fibre reinforcement has both the rigidity and the strength against a vertical occlusal load of 75N. 2. Stress concentration at the junctional area between the bridge and the abutments, i.e. between the pontic and the knitted caps was observed. In the case of the bridge with reinforcement straps, it was partly shown that the concentration problem could be improved by simply increasing the fillet size at the area. Further refining in the surface of the junctional area will be needed to ensure a further improvement in the stress distribution. This will require some trade off in the level of the stress and the available space. A parametric study will help to decide the appropriate size of the fillet. 3. Design refinement is a must to improve the stress distribution and realize the most favourable shape in terms of fabrication. The current straight bar with a constant cross section area can be redesigned to a tapered shape. The curve from the dental arch should also be placed on the pontic design. In accordance with design refinement, the resistance of the bridge frame to other load cases should be evaluated. 4. Although not included in the present feasibility study, it is estimated that bridges of the anterior teeth can be made strong enough with the knitted material without further reinforcement using unidirectional materials. In this regard, a feasibility study on design concepts and stress analysis for 3, 4, 5 unit bridge is suggested. 5. Two types of bridge were analysed in terms of fatigue. The safe life design concept, i.e. fatigue design concept, looks reasonable for the bridge where if cracks should form and propagate there is virtually nothing a dentist to do. The bridge must be designed so that no crack will be initiated during the life span. In the case of crowns, however, if constructed with composite resin with knitted materials, it might be possible to repair them, which in general is impossible for crowns of PFM or of metal. Therefore for composite resin crowns, a damage tolerance design concept can be applied and reasonably higher operational stresses can be allowed. In this case, of course, a periodic inspection program should be established in parallel. 6. Parts of future works in terms of structural viewpoint which need to be addressed are summarized as the following: 1) To develop processing technology to accommodate design concepts; 2) More realistic modelling of the bridge and analysis-geometry and loading condition. Thickness variation in the knitted material, taper in the pontic, design for anterior tooth bridge, the effect of combined loads, etc, will need to be included; 3) To develop appropriate design concepts and design goals for the fibre composite FPD aiming at taking the best advantage of knitted materials, including the damage tolerance design concept; 4) To develop testing method and perform test such as static ultimate load test, fatigue test, repair test, etc, as necessary.

Comparative Study on Geochemical Characteristics of Stream Sediments and Mylonitic Granites in the Unbong Area (운봉지역 하상퇴적물과 압쇄상화강암류의 지구화학적 특성 비교연구)

  • Park, Young-Seog;Park, Dae-Woo;Kim, Jong-Kyun;Kim, Sung-Won
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.40 no.6
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    • pp.727-738
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    • 2007
  • The present study investigation the geochemical characteristics of the stream sediments in the Unbong area was conducted to enable a understanding the natural background and a prediction the prospects of geochemical disaster as a result of that bed rocks(mylonitic granites, Kim et al., 1992). We systematically collected seventy three stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels. Major, trace and rare earth element(REE) concentrations, combined with mineralogical characteristics, were determined by XRD, XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. Major element concentrations for the stream sediments in the Unbong area were $SiO_2\;36.94{\sim}65.39wt.%,\;Al_2O_3\;10.15{\sim}21.77wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.17{\sim}10.90wt.%,\;CaO\;0.55{\sim}5.27wt.%,\;MgO\;0.52{\sim}4.94wt.%,\;K_2O\;1.38{\sim}4.54wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.49{\sim}3.36wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.39{\sim}1.27wt.%,\;MnO\;0.04{\sim}0.22wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.08{\sim}0.54wt.%$. Trace and REE concentrations for the stream sediments were $Cu\;4.8{\sim}134ppm,\;Pb\;24.2{\sim}82.5ppm,\;Sr\;95.9{\sim}739ppm,\;V\;19.9{\sim}124ppm,\;Zr\;52.9{\sim}145ppm,\;Li\;25.2{\sim}3.3ppm,\;Co\;3.87{\sim}50.0ppm,\;Cr\;17.4{\sim}234ppm,\;Hf\;3.93{\sim}25.2ppm,\;Sc\;4.60{\sim}20.6ppm,\;Th\;3.82{\sim}36.9ppm,\;Ce\;45.7{\sim}243ppm,\;Eu\;0.89{\sim}2.69ppm,\;Yb\;1.42{\sim}5.18ppm$. According to the comparison of average major element concentrations, CaO, $Na_2O\;and\;K_2O$ contents are higher in stream sediments than in bed rocks(mylonitic granites, Kim et al., 1992) $Al_2O_3\;and\;SiO_2$ contents show good correlation both stream sediments and bed rocks(mylonitic granites, Kim et al., 1992). Yb and Eu in the stream sediments show a positive correlation with $SiO_2$. In contrast, the stream sediments display a negative correlation.

Characteristics of the Fruits and Flesh Softening Delay Induced by GA3 and Thidiazuron (TDZ) Treatment in 'Heukboseok' Grape ('흑보석' 포도의 GA3와 Thidiazuron(TDZ) 처리에 따른 과육 연화 지연 및 과실특성)

  • Jung, MyungHee;Lee, ByulHaNa;Park, YoSup;Oh, Jin Pyo;Kim, HeeSeob;Park, Hee-Seung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.186-195
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    • 2015
  • This research was conducted to investigate effect the plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the characteristics of fruit and flesh softening, using GA3 and thidiazuron (TDZ) treatments in 'Heukboseok' grapes. The total yield obtained under PGR treatment was 88.3% lower than the target production when a single treatment with $GA_3$ of low concentrations was used, but the expected yield was recovered by combined treatment with TDZ and $GA_3$. When harvested on the basis of color, the harvest rate up to 100 days after full bloom (DAFB) was low with the $GA_3$ single treatment, but was increased by the addition of TDZ, with the second TDZ mixed treatment being particularly effective. The soluble solids content in the PGR-treated samples demonstrated no significant changes after 90 DAFB, while the acidity content decreased rapidly starting from 90 DAFB. Measured on the basis of sugar and acidity content, maturity was reached much earlier in treated fruit than in the non-treated fruit. Firmness was maintained at a higher level until the final harvest time after PGR treatment compared to untreated grapes according to epidermis thickness and flesh density increase to activity cell division and expansion by $GA_3$ and TDZ. In particular, the fruit quality was improved based on the delay of softening in primary and secondary treatments of $25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;GA_3+2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ TDZ. The production of seedless fruit was difficult, even with the inclusion of TDZ, reaching the highest seedless rate of only 65.5%. Fruit cracking was rare, occurring at a rate of about 0.0~0.9% in all treatments. Accordingly, 'Heukboseok' grapes should be harvested within 100 days after full bloom (DBFB) before a rapid decrease of firmness, conferred by primary and secondary treatments with $25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;GA_3+2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ TDZ.

Development of Multiplex Microsatellite Marker Set for Identification of Korean Potato Cultivars (국내 감자 품종 판별을 위한 다중 초위성체 마커 세트 개발)

  • Cho, Kwang-Soo;Won, Hong-Sik;Jeong, Hee-Jin;Cho, Ji-Hong;Park, Young-Eun;Hong, Su-Young
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.366-373
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    • 2011
  • To analyze the genetic relationships among Korean potato cultivars and to develop cultivar identification method using DNA markers, we carried out genotyping using simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis and developed multiplex-SSR set. Initially, we designed 92 SSR primer combinations reported previously and applied them to twenty four Korean potato cultivars. Among the 92 SSR markers, we selected 14 SSR markers based on polymorphism information contents (PIC) values. PIC values of the selected 14 markers ranged from 0.48 to 0.89 with an average of 0.76. PIC value of PSSR-29 was the lowest with 0.48 and PSSR-191 was the highest with 0.89. UPGMA clustering analysis based on genetic distances using 14 SSR markers classified 21 potato cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II included 16 and 5 cultivars, respectively. And 3 cultivars were not classified into major cluster group I and II. These 14 SSR markers generated a total of 121 alleles and the average number of alleles per SSR marker was 10.8 with a range from 3 to 34. Among the selected markers, we combined three SSR markers, PSSR-17, PSSR-24 and PSSR-24, as a multiplex-SSR set. This multiplex-SSR set used in the study can distinguish all the cultivars with one time PCR and PAGE (Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis and PIC value of multiplex-SSR set was 0.95.

Patent Production and Technological Performance of Korean Firms: The Role of Corporate Innovation Strategies (특허생산과 기술성과: 기업 혁신전략의 역할)

  • Lee, Jukwan;Jung, Jin Hwa
    • Journal of Technology Innovation
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.149-175
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    • 2014
  • This study analyzed the effect of corporate innovation strategies on patent production and ultimately on technological change and new product development of firms in South Korea. The intent was to derive efficient strategies for enhancing technological performance of the firms. For the empirical analysis, three sources of data were combined: four waves of the Human Capital Corporate Panel Survey (HCCP) data collected by the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET), corporate financial data obtained from the Korea Information Service (KIS), and corporate patent data provided by the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO). The patent production function was estimated by zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression. The technological performance function was estimated by two-stage regression, taking into account the endogeneity of patent production. An ordered logit model was applied for the second stage regression. Empirical results confirmed the critical role of corporate innovation strategies in patent production and in facilitating technological change and new product development of the firms. In patent production, the firms' R&D investment and human resources were key determinants. Higher R&D intensity led to more patents, yet with decreasing marginal productivity. A larger stock of registered patents also led to a larger flow of new patent production. Firms were more prolific in patent production when they had high-quality personnel, intensely investing in human resource development, and adopting market-leading or fast-follower strategy as compared to stability strategy. In technological performance, the firms' human resources played a key role in accelerating technological change and new product development. R&D intensity expedited new product development of the firm. Firms adopting market-leading or fast-follower strategy were at an advantage than those with stability strategy in technological performance. Firms prolific in patent production were also advanced in terms of technological change and new product development. However, the nexus between patent production and technological performance measures was substantially reduced when controlling for the endogeneity of patent production. These results suggest that firms need to strengthen the linkage between patent production and technological performance, and take strategies that address each firm's capacities and needs.

Pre-Evaluation for Prediction Accuracy by Using the Customer's Ratings in Collaborative Filtering (협업필터링에서 고객의 평가치를 이용한 선호도 예측의 사전평가에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Seok-Jun;Kim, Sun-Ok
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.187-206
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    • 2007
  • The development of computer and information technology has been combined with the information superhighway internet infrastructure, so information widely spreads not only in special fields but also in the daily lives of people. Information ubiquity influences the traditional way of transaction, and leads a new E-commerce which distinguishes from the existing E-commerce. Not only goods as physical but also service as non-physical come into E-commerce. As the scale of E-Commerce is being enlarged as well. It keeps people from finding information they want. Recommender systems are now becoming the main tools for E-Commerce to mitigate the information overload. Recommender systems can be defined as systems for suggesting some Items(goods or service) considering customers' interests or tastes. They are being used by E-commerce web sites to suggest products to their customers who want to find something for them and to provide them with information to help them decide which to purchase. There are several approaches of recommending goods to customer in recommender system but in this study, the main subject is focused on collaborative filtering technique. This study presents a possibility of pre-evaluation for the prediction performance of customer's preference in collaborative filtering before the process of customer's preference prediction. Pre-evaluation for the prediction performance of each customer having low performance is classified by using the statistical features of ratings rated by each customer is conducted before the prediction process. In this study, MovieLens 100K dataset is used to analyze the accuracy of classification. The classification criteria are set by using the training sets divided 80% from the 100K dataset. In the process of classification, the customers are divided into two groups, classified group and non classified group. To compare the prediction performance of classified group and non classified group, the prediction process runs the 20% test set through the Neighborhood Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithm and Correspondence Mean Algorithm. The prediction errors from those prediction algorithm are allocated to each customer and compared with each user's error. Research hypothesis : Two research hypotheses are formulated in this study to test the accuracy of the classification criterion as follows. Hypothesis 1: The estimation accuracy of groups classified according to the standard deviation of each user's ratings has significant difference. To test the Hypothesis 1, the standard deviation is calculated for each user in training set which is divided 80% from MovieLens 100K dataset. Four groups are classified according to the quartile of the each user's standard deviations. It is compared to test the estimation errors of each group which results from test set are significantly different. Hypothesis 2: The estimation accuracy of groups that are classified according to the distribution of each user's ratings have significant differences. To test the Hypothesis 2, the distributions of each user's ratings are compared with the distribution of ratings of all customers in training set which is divided 80% from MovieLens 100K dataset. It assumes that the customers whose ratings' distribution are different from that of all customers would have low performance, so six types of different distributions are set to be compared. The test groups are classified into fit group or non-fit group according to the each type of different distribution assumed. The degrees in accordance with each type of distribution and each customer's distributions are tested by the test of ${\chi}^2$ goodness-of-fit and classified two groups for testing the difference of the mean of errors. Also, the degree of goodness-of-fit with the distribution of each user's ratings and the average distribution of the ratings in the training set are closely related to the prediction errors from those prediction algorithms. Through this study, the customers who have lower performance of prediction than the rest in the system are classified by those two criteria, which are set by statistical features of customers ratings in the training set, before the prediction process.

Clinical Application Analysis of 3D-CRT Methods Using Tomotherapy (토모테라피를 이용한 3차원 입체 조형 치료의 임상적 적용 분석)

  • Cho, Kang-Chul;Kim, Joo-Ho;Kim, Hun-Kyum;Ahn, Seung-Kwon;Lee, Sang-Kyoo;Yoon, Jong-Won;Cho, Jeong-Hee;Lee, Jong-Seok;Yoo, Beong-Gyu
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.327-335
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    • 2013
  • This study investigates the case of clinical application for TomoDirect 3D-CRT(TD-3D) and TomoHelical 3D-CRT(TH-3D) with evaluating dose distribution for clinical application in each case. Treatment plans were created for 8 patients who had 3 dimensional conformal radiation therapy using TD-3D and TH-3D mode. Each patients were treated for sarcoma, CSI(craniospinal irradiaion), breast, brain, pancreas, spine metastasis, SVC syndrome and esophagus. DVH(dose volume histogram) and isodose curve were used for comparison of each treatment modality. TD-3D shows better dose distribution over the irradiation field without junction effect because TD-3D was not influenced by target length for sarcoma and CSI case. In breast case, dosimetric results of CTV, the average value of D 99%, D 95% were $49.2{\pm}0.4$ Gy, $49.9{\pm}0.4$ Gy and V 105%, V 110% were 0%, respectively. TH-3D with the dosimetric block decreased dose of normal organ in brain, pancreas, spine metastasis case. SCV syndrome also effectively decreased dose of normal organ by using dose block to the critical organs(spinal cord <38 Gy). TH-3D combined with other treatment modalities was possible to boost irradiation and was total dose was reduced to spinal cord in esophagus case(spinal cord <45 Gy, lung V 20 <20%). 3D-CRT using Tomotherapy could overcomes some dosimetric limitations, when we faced Conventional Linac based CRT and shows clinically proper dose distribution. In conclusion, 3D-CRT using Tomotherapy will be one of the effective 3D-CRT techniques.

Effects of Postharvest 1-MCP Treatment, Storage Method, and Shelf Temperature on Quality Changes of 'Gamhong' Apples during Export Simulation (수확후 1-MCP 처리, 저장 방법 및 현지 유통온도가 모의수출 '감홍' 사과의 품질에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Park, Youn-Moon;Yoon, Tae-Myung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.725-733
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    • 2012
  • Effects of postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, and shelf temperature on quality of 'Gamhong' apples were analyzed during export simulation. Fruits were harvested at the optimum maturity for long-term storage, treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP for 16 hours, and then stored for 6 months under air and CA conditions at $0^{\circ}C$. Poststorage export procedure was performed by applying additional 2-week refrigerated storage and 7-day shelf-life test at 7 and $20^{\circ}C$, which simulated container shipment and local distribution, respectively. After storage and during export simulation, rates of respiration and ethylene evolution were significantly lower in 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. For the reduction of respiration, CA storage was more effective than 1-MCP treatment. Soluble solids content was maintained higher in 1-MCP treated apples, while titratable acidity was maintained better both in the 1-MCP treated and CA-stored apples. Effects of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were highly significant in maintaining flesh firmness and sensory texture ratings. Additive effects from combined application of 1-MCP treatment and CA storage were occasionally observed. Shelf temperature during the local distribution simulation seemed not to significantly influence quality changes only showing limited effects on flesh firmness. Overall results suggest that storage potential of 'Gamhong' apples is shorter than 4 months in control fruit under refrigerated air conditions, whereas the potential can be extended to longer than 6 months by 1-MCP treatment and CA storage. Postharvest program should be provided considering the time of export, i.e. period of storage, and duration of local distribution.

Melting Characteristics for Radioactive Aluminum Wastes in Electric Arc Furnace (아크 용융로에서 방사성 알루미늄 폐기물의 용융특성)

  • Min, Byung-Youn;Song, Pyung-Seob;Ahn, Jun-Hyung;Choi, Wang-Kyu;Jung, Chong-Hun;Oh, Won-Zin;Kang, Yong
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.33-40
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    • 2006
  • The characteristics of the aluminum waste melting and the distribution of the radioactive nuclides have been investigated for the estimation on the volume reduction and the decontamination of the aluminum wastes from the decommissioning of the TRIGA MARK it and III research reactors at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI). The aluminum wastes were melted with the use of the fluxes such as flux $A:NaCl-KCl-Na_3AlF_6$, flux B:NaCl-NaF-KF, flux $C:CaF_2$, and flux $D:LiF-KCl-BaCl_2$ in the DC graphite arc furnace. For the assessment of the distribution of the radioactive nuclides during the melting of the aluminum, the aluminum materials were contaminated by the surrogate nuclides such as cobalt(Co), cesium(Cs) and strontium(Sr). The fluidity of aluminum melt was increased with the addition of the fluxes, which has slight difference according to the type of fluxes. The formation of the slag during the aluminum melting added the flux type C and D was larger than that with the flux A and B. The rate of the slag formation linearly increased with increasing the flux concentration. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the surrogate nuclide was transferred to the slag, which can be easily separated from the melt and then they combined with aluminum oxide to form a more stable compound. The distribution ratio of cobalt in ingot to that in slag was more than 40% at all types of fluxes. Since vapor pressures of cesium and strontium were higher than those that of the host metals at the melting temperature, their removal efficiency from the ingot phase to the slag and the dust phase was by up to 98%.

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