• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.371-378
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of group combined intervention that combined animal-assisted therapy and integrated elderly play therapy on the depression, self-esteem, and emotional expression of geriatric patients residing in nursing homes. This was achieved by providing cognitive, physical, and emotional activities and social interaction at the same time. The group combined intervention method was applied to twelve elderly patients (six in the control group, six in the experimental group) aged 65 or older who live in a nursing home for the elderly in C province, from May 3, 2019 to June 21, 2019, for a total of 8 times (once a week, 50 minutes at a time). The quantitative evaluation was analyzed through SPSS 21.0 for comparison before and after the program was implemented, using the Korean version of the depression and the self-esteem scale. The qualitative evaluation compared emotional expression pre-test and post-test. The major results of the study were as follows: First, the group combined intervention was effective in reducing depression levels of the experimental group among the elderly patients. Second, it was effective in improving the self-esteem of the experimental group among the elderly patients. Third, it showed a significant difference in the emotional expression of the experimental group among the elderly patients. Therefore, it was found that group combined intervention reduces depression and improves self-esteem and emotional expression of the elderly. Based on these results, it is hoped that this study will be a cornerstone in the development of concrete programs for the benefit of elderly patients living in facilities.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2013

Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis induced by hypoxia compromise intestinal epithelium barrier function. Both Akt and Hsp90 have cytoprotective function. However, the specific role of Akt and $Hsp90{\beta}$ in IEC apoptosis induced by hypoxia has not been explored. We confirmed that hypoxia-induced apoptosis was reduced by $Hsp90{\beta}$ overexpression but enhanced by decreasing $Hsp90{\beta}$ expression. $Hsp90{\beta}$ overexpression enhanced BAD phosphorylation and thus reduced mitochondrial release of cytochrome C. Reducing $Hsp90{\beta}$ expression had opposite effects. The protective effect of $Hsp90{\beta}$ against apoptosis was negated by LY294002, an Akt inhibitor. Further study showed that Akt phosphorylation was enhanced by $Hsp90{\beta}$, which was not due to the activation of upstream PI3K and PDK1 but because of stabilization of pAkt via direct interaction between $Hsp90{\beta}$ and pAkt. These results demonstrate that $Hsp90{\beta}$ may play a significant role in protecting IECs from hypoxia-induced apoptosis via stabilizing pAkt to phosphorylate BAD and reduce cytochrome C release.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2015

Combined applications of rice bran with pine leaves were tested to examine the inhibitory effects to paddy weeds and increased yield of rice for developing techniques of environment-friendly weed management in paddy rice fields. Weed control efficacy at 60 days after treatment was improved to 88.8% by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves, while weed control efficacy by single application of rice bran showed 67.5%. The other weed control efficacy combined with chestnut leaves and barley straws were 76.3% and 69.9% respectively. Combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was more effective to broadleaf weeds such as Monochoria vaginalis. Weed control efficacy by combined application with pine leaves was 100% until 70 days after rice transplanting and maintained weed control effect up to 90 days after transplanting. Rice yield by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was 526 kg/10 a, which was higher yield than by combined application with barley straws, single application of rice bran, natural snail application and hand weeding.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.75-81
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• 2023

This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of a combined exercise program to improve the health of the elderly. For this purpose, 10 people in the exercise group and 10 in the control group were selected among seniors aged 65 years or older. The subject of this study was a 12-week combined exercise program in which aerobic and anaerobic exercise were performed three times a week for 60 minutes. Before participating in exercise, blood lipid and inflammatory index tests were conducted, and blood lipid and inflammatory index tests were conducted upon completion of the combined exercise program. The test results were verified with basic statistics and treatment effects between groups using the SPSS statistical program. Based on this, the following conclusions were obtained. First, the combined exercise program for elderly health promotion showed significant differences in TC, LDL, and TG in blood lipids between the exercise group and the control group, and there was an interaction effect on the treatment program. Second, the combined exercise program for improving the health of the elderly showed significant differences in inflammatory indicators IL-6 and TNF-a between the exercise group and the control group, and there was an interaction effect with the treatment program.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 1991

This study was initiated to investigate the effects of organic germanium on cadmium and mercury intoxication. The effect was determined by the metallothionein induction in liver and kidney. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were treated with CdCI$_{2}$ (2mg/kg), HgCI$_{2}$ (1 mg/kg) and organic germanium (GE-132) (100 mg/kg) in single and in combination via intraperitoneal injection or intragastric administration every other days for 17 days. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 7, 12 and 17 days treatment. The serum transaminase activities (SGOT, SGPT), concentration of metal and metallothionein, metal-binding capacity of metallothionein in liver and kidney were determined and pathomorphological observations were undertaken. The combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$ significantly decreased the increment of serum transaminase activities in rats treated with CdCI$_{2}$ only, but the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$ did not affect to activities of transaminases induced by mercury only. The concentration of metals (Cd and Hg) except Ge in the liver and kidney of rats increased with the time of treatment. Mercury concentration in kidney of rat treated with HgCI$_{2}$ only was significantly higher than the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$. The combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$ significantly increased the concentration of metallothionein in liver compared to the CdCI$_{2}$ only, although the concentration of cadmium in liver were not significantly different between two groups. This indicates that GE-132 decreased toxicity of cadmium in liver by promoting metallothionein induction. There were no significant differences in metallothionein concentration in liver and kidney of rats between the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$ and HgCI$_{2}$ only. Metal-binding capacity of metallothionein varied with each time intervals in liver and kidney of metals treated rats except the liver of the combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$. This finding explains the concentration of metallothionein in liver keeps abreast with the concention of metal. Furthermore, the combined treatment of GE-132and CdCl$_{2}$ revealed pathologically less changes in liver tissue than CdCl$_{2}$ only; the damages of liver cell, such as lobular necrosis and portal inflammation, were relieved and appeared more later. From the above results, organic germanium is considered to have some beneficial effect on the protection of liver from the cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1241-1251
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of aerobic and complex exercise on body composition and blood lipids in the middle-aged women. Sixteen women whose ages ranged in 40 to 50 years were included in the sample of the study. The sample was divided into two groups: (a) aerobic exercise group (n = 8) and (b) combined exercise training group (n = 8). The aerobic exercise program consisted of bicycle ergometer, stepper, and treadmill, whereas; the combined exercise program was designed to improve muscular strength and aerobic capacity. Both programs took place 4 times a week for 12 weeks with the gradual increase of intensity (HRmax 60% 75% and 1 RM 60% 80%). Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods for pre-post within group mean differences (Wilcoxon signed rank test) and for between group mean differences (Wilcoxon rank sum test). Results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in BMI, body fat mass, and triglyceride within the sample of combined exercise; whereas, no significance existed in any variables within the aerobic exercise group. Results also revealed that statistical significance did exist in body fat mass between the combined and aerobic exercise group. These results implies that the combined exercise may be superior to aerobic only excercise for the body composition and blood lipid of the middle-aged women.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7439-7446
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to find the risk factors of injury by FMS and to investigate the effects of 12-weeks' combined training program on body imbalance, physical fitness, muscle strength and FMS score in woman rugby players of the national team. Fourteen subjects were woman rugby national players to participate in the 17th Incheon Asian Games. These players tested FMS and performed 12 weeks' (May~Aug, 2014) combined training program (4days, 120min${\geq}$). Statistical evaluation was undertaken using paired t-test (pre vs. post). The results of this study were as follows; Frist, the score of FMS test on Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, Active Straight Leg Raise, and Trunk Stability Push up were significantly increased after 12 weeks' combined training program (p<.05), and also Inline Lunge (p<.01) and Rotary Stability (p<.001) were significantly increased. However, Shoulder Mobility was not significantly increased(p=.104) although the tendency of increased was FMS score. Second, the sum of the entire item was significantly increased after combined training(p<.001). These results suggest that 12-weeks' combined training program has effect of improving FMS score and low-injury risk in woman rugby national players. Therefore, we consider that FMS have effect on prevention of athletic injury and improvement of athletic performance in woman rugby national players.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.3.1-3.14
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• 2018

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a pathological condition associated with osteopenia. $WNT/{\beta}$-catenin signaling is implicated in this process. Trabecular and cortical bone respond differently to $WNT/{\beta}$-catenin signaling in healthy mice. We investigated whether this signaling has different effects on trabecular and cortical bone in T1DM. We first established a streptozotocin-induced T1DM mouse model and then constitutively activated ${\beta}$-catenin in osteoblasts in the setting of T1DM (T1-CA). The extent of bone loss was greater in trabecular bone than that in cortical bone in T1DM mice, and this difference was consistent with the reduction in the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin signaling in the two bone compartments. Further experiments demonstrated that in T1DM mice, trabecular bone showed lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) than the levels in cortical bone, leading to lower $WNT/{\beta}$-catenin signaling activity through the inhibition of the IGF-1R/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase $3{\beta}$ ($GSK3{\beta}$) pathway. After ${\beta}$-catenin was activated in T1-CA mice, the bone mass and bone strength increased to substantially greater extents in trabecular bone than those in cortical bone. In addition, the cortical bone of the T1-CA mice displayed an unexpected increase in bone porosity, with increased bone resorption. The downregulated expression of WNT16 might be responsible for these cortical bone changes. In conclusion, we found that although the activation of $WNT/{\beta}$-catenin signaling increased the trabecular bone mass and bone strength in T1DM mice, it also increased the cortical bone porosity, impairing the bone strength. These findings should be considered in the future treatment of T1DM-related osteopenia.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1096-1107
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise on blood inflammatory factors, DHEA-s and arterial stiffness in elderly women. The subjects were 42 elderly females volunteers, aged 70 to 85 years, composed of the combined exercise group (n=21) and control group (n=21). The 60 minute combined exercise program(aquarobics 1 time/week, strength exercise 2 times/week) was performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks, and the intensity was progressively increased every 4 weeks(1-4 weeks: RPE 12 to 13, 5-8 weeks: RPE 13 to 14, 9-12weeks: RPE 14 to 15). The test data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-test, independent t-test and the alpha level of .05 was set for all tests of significance. As a result, the combined exercise for 12 weeks reduced the inflammatory response of elderly women, and DHEA-s was found to have a positive effect on aging hormone. The arterial stiffness decreased the central arterial blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), prevented the increase of the pulse pressure and the wave increase index, and decreased the pulse wave velocity. These results suggest that regular and continuous combined exercise may be recommended for the healthy aging and longevity of elderly women by inducing anti-inflammation effect and improving the aging hormonal function and the vascular health.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.417-424
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine how combined exercise and acaiberry intake make effects on insulin and glycated hemoglobin of middle-aged women. The middle-aged women in their 40s and 50s were classified into three groups - group A which only had acaiberry intake, group B which both had acaiberry intake and combined exercise, and group C which only underwent the combined exercise. The combined exercise was held three times a week for 8 weeks, each for 60 minutes including warming up and cooling down. The aerobic exercise was carried out for 20 minutes with a treadmill walk with HRmax 50-60% and the resistance movement was carried out for 20 minutes with a strength of 50-60% based on 1RM. The participants were told to have the acaiberry drink before breakfast and dinner, by melting 5g of acaiberry powder to water. 2-way RGRM ANOVA was carried out to process the data for comparing each groups. In conclusion, the 8-weeks of combined exercise and acaiberry ingestion therapy did not improve the insulin and glycated hemoglobin. It is more likely to show clear changes in both elements with longer treatments and controlling the amount of ingestion and exercise intensity.