• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2018

Objective: The effect of pre-converted nitrites from natural sources (spinach, lettuce, celery, and red beet) on color development in raw and cooked pork sausage was investigated in this study. Methods: The pork sausage was manufactured with six treatments: NC (negative control, nitrite free), PC (positive control, 150 ppm sodium nitrite), FS (3.0% fermented spinach extracts), FL (3.0% fermented lettuce extracts), FC (3.0% fermented celery extracts), and FR (3.0% fermented red beet extracts). Results: The pH value of the pre-converted nitrites groups was lower than those treated with 150 ppm sodium nitrite (p<0.05). The color values of raw and cooked pork sausage added with pre-converted nitrite showed slightly lower and/or similar lightness, lower redness, and higher yellowness values than PC. Color development (redness values) of cooked samples added with FS was higher than those of the NC and other treatments (FL, FC, and FR). Additionally, treatments with FS and FL were most effective for reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen than the NC. Conclusion: Effects of natural nitrites from fermented vegetables on shelf stability of raw and cooked pork sausages were investigated. Fermented spinach extract was much more useful for maintaining the color development, but also inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation of cooked pork sausage. Therefore, pre-converted nitrite from spinach as a natural nitrite could be used as another natural nitrite source for making processed meat products.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

Background and Objectives Skin and soft tissue defects can be treated according to a range of strategies, such as local flap, skin graft, biological dressing, or free flap. On the other hand, free tissue transfer usually leaves a distinct scar with an inconsistency of color or hypertrophy. This problem is highlighted if the defect is located on the face, which could have devastating effects on a patient's psychosocial health. Materials and Methods The authors used an erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser to resurface the free flap skin and match the color with the surrounding facial skin. This study evaluated the effectiveness of laser skin resurfacing on the harmonious color matching of transferred flap. Patients who had undergone laser resurfacing on facial flap skin between January 2014 and December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. An ablative 2,940-nm fractional Er:YAG laser treatment was delivered to the entire flap skin at 21 J/cm² with the treatment end-point of pinpoint bleeding. Several months later, the clinical photographs were analyzed. The L^*a^*b^* color co-ordinates of both the flap and surrounding normal skin were measured using Adobe Photoshop. The L^*a^*b^* color difference (ΔE) for the scar and normal surrounding skin were calculated using the following equation: ${\Delta}E=\sqrt{({\Delta}L)^2+({\Delta}a)^2+({\Delta}b)^2}$ Results All five patients were satisfied with the more natural appearance of the flaps. The ΔE values decreased significantly from the pre-treatment mean value of 19.64 to the post-treatment mean value of 11.39 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p = 0.043). Conclusion Ablative laser resurfacing can improve the aesthetic outcome of free tissue transfer on the face.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2 (2)
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• pp.40-42
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• 2001

Most people have to deal with color and color problems occasionally. There are many strange things about color and color vision that most people do not notice. Even though color seems intuitive and simple it is not. In this paper, we modeled the color using fuzzy set theory. The proposed fuzzy color model is based on the Munsell color space. We defined several fuzzy color terminologies, and proposed a extended center of gravity defuzzification mthod for fuzzy color set. Finally, three distance measures between fuzzy colors were also formulated.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2000년도 제1회 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.159-160
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• 2000

A new manufacturing method using laser transfer technology was developed for a color filter of TFT-LCD. This method can make red, green and blue color layer at the same time without several baking processes. Simple process, no residue, good edge profile, and so on are merits of this process. The same performances (such as color characteristics, reliability, hardness and so on) of current color filter were achieved with this process.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.20-23
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• 2009

Black-white reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display was prepared with two color liquid crystal layers, the combination of yellow color liquid crystal and blue color liquid crystal. The rubbing of cholesteric liquid crystal panel affects the brightness and color spectrum due to increase the planar domain texture. The CIE chromaticity coordinate of white is (0.31, 0.31).

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.29.1-29.1
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• 2017

I present new near-infrared (NIR) photometry of globular cluster (GC) systems associated to a cD galaxy NGC 4874 in the core of the Coma cluster and 16 early-type galaxies in the Fornax and Virgo clusters of galaxies using the Infrared Channel of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3/IR) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Combining these high-resolution NIR data with new HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) optical photometry for NGC 4874 and existing ACS GC catalogs from the ACS Fornax and Virgo Cluster Surveys, I have examined for the first time the GC systems in a statistically significant optical/NIR sample of galaxies spanning a wide range of luminosities and colors. A primary goal of this study is to explore empirically whether the distributions of purely optical and hybrid optical - NIR color indices for extragalactic GCs have different forms and whether the relations between these color indices are nonlinear, indicating that they behave differently with underlying metallicity. I find that some GC systems of large galaxies in our sample show color bimodalities that differ between the optical and optical - NIR colors, in the sense that they have disparate ratios of "blue" and "red" peak GCs, as well as differing ratios in their color dispersions. Consistent with these results, I find empirically that the dependence of hybrid optical-NIR color on purely optical color is nonlinear, with an inflection at intermediate metallicities. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the nature of galaxy-to-galaxy variations in the GC color distributions and color-color relations, as well as the exact forms of the color-metallicity transformations, in interpreting the observational data on GC color bimodality. Our ACS data for NGC 4874 shows that its GC system exhibits a very strong blue tilt, implying a very steep mass-metallicity scaling, and the centroid of this GC system is offset by $4{\pm}1kpc$ from the luminosity center of NGC 4874, in the direction of NGC 4872. Finally, I discuss the asymmetrical GC distribution around a dwarf elliptical galaxy in Coma that has a very high relative velocity with respect to the cluster mean at small clustercentric radius.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2009

피부색 검출 기법은 안면 정보를 이용한 체질 진단 및 건강 진단, 인간과 로봇과의 상호작용, 영상 검색 시스템 등 다양한 응용분야에서 사람의 얼굴과 손의 검출을 위해 많이 사용되어 왔다. 비디오 영상의 경우 조명이나 환경 변화에 강인한 피부색 영역의 추적을 위해 매 프레임마다 대상 영역의 피부색 모델을 업데이트 하는 것이 일반적이나, 단일 영상에서 피부색 영역을 검출하거나 비디오 영상의 첫 프레임에서 피부색 영역을 검출할 때에는, 많은 연구들이 하나의 고정된 피부색 모델을 이용하기 때문에 입력 영상의 특징에 따라 낮은 검출율이나 높은 긍정 오류율이 발생하는 경우가 많다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 피부색 검출 결과를 피드백 받아 피드백 받은 정보를 바탕으로 피부색 검출 조건을 수정하는 과정을 반복함으로써 다양한 환경 조건들을 가지는 단일 영상에 대해 효과적으로 피부색을 검출할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.577-585
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• 2008

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The discoloration of anterior teeth restoration is one of the material problems demanding retreatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the color stability and affecting factors on esthetic restorative materials when subjected to accelerated aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted using porcelain disks (IPS Empress 2-glazed, IPS Empress 2-polished), direct restorative resin disks (SYNERGY Duo) and indirect restorative resin disks (Sinfony, TESCERA ATL). Accelerated aging was done by precipitating the specimens in 38.C distilled water and irradiating with xenon light, and the total irradiation was 397.98 KJ/mm. Color and microhardness change of the specimens were measured before accelerated aging and after 100 hours, 200 hours and 300 hours of accelerated aging, and Surface of the specimens were examined with SEM before and after 300 hours of accelerated aging. RESULTS: 1. After 300 hours' accelerated aging, a ${\Delta}E$ value was 3.3 or lower in IPS Empress 2-glazed, IPS Empress 2-polished and Sinfony. 2. After 300 hours' accelerated aging, gloss was lost and surface changes including microcracks were observed in TESCERA ATL and SYNERGY Duo, and color changes of them ranged between 3.58 and 6.40 ${\Delta}E$ units. 3. During 300 hours' accelerated aging, the microhardness of surface was increased by 3.21 - 19.64% in all kinds of composites resin. CONCLUSION: After 300 hours' accelerated aging, SEM images IPS Empress 2-glazed, IPS Empress 2-polished and Sinfony showed little morphological change and their color changes were considered to be clinically acceptable. And there was significant correlation between microhardness changes and color changes of composites (P < .05).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.231-243
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• 2024

PURPOSE. The objective of the study was to analyze the impact of cement, bonding pretreatment, and ceramic abutment material on the overall color results of CAD-CAM ceramic crowns bonded to titanium-based hybrid abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For single implant restoration of a maxillary lateral incisor a total of 51 CAD-CAM-fabricated monolithic lithium disilicate crowns were fabricated and subsequently bonded onto 24 lithium disilicate Ti-base abutments, 24 zirconia Ti-base abutments and 3 resin abutment replicas as a control group. The 48 copings were cemented with three definitive and one provisional cement on both grit-blasted and non-blasted Ti-bases. The color of each restoration and surrounding artificial gingiva was measured spectrophotometrically at predefined measuring points and the CIELAB (ΔE_ab) color scale values were recorded. RESULTS. The color outcome of ceramic crowns bonded to hybrid abutments and soft tissues was affected differently by cements of different brands. Grit-blasting of Ti-bases prior to cementing CAD-CAM copings affected the color results of allceramic crowns. There was a significant difference (P = .038) for the median ΔE value between blasted and non-blasted reconstructions at the cervical aspect of the crown. Full-ceramic crowns on zirconia Ti-base abutments exhibited significantly lower ΔE values below the threshold of visibility (ΔE 1.8). In all subcategories tested, the use of a highly opaque temporary cement demonstrated the lowest median ΔE for both the crown and the artificial gingiva. CONCLUSION. Various cements, core ceramic materials and airborne particle abrasion prior to bonding can adversely affect the color of Ti-base supported ceramic crowns and peri-implant soft tissue. However, zirconia CAD-CAM copings and an opaque cement can effectively mask this darkening.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.261-262
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• 2009