• 제목/요약/키워드: college women smokers.

검색결과 95건 처리시간 0.026초

농촌 지역 노인의 흡연상태와 관련요인 (Smoking Status and the Related Factors in the Rural Elderly)

  • 백달현;황병덕;문효정;윤희정;백영두;이성국
    • 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.243-254
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    • 2008
  • Abstract - Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine smoking status and the relates factors in the rural elderly. Methods: This study was conducted with 2,421 elderly people(male 1,273 and female 1,148) residing in the selected 25 villages, and face-to-face interviews with the subjects were made from January 1 through March 30, 2002. Results: The average age of the male subjects was 72.7 and that of the female subjects 72.8. The investigation of smoking states showed that for male subjects, smokers accounted for 49.4%, nonsmokers 26.9%, and abstainers from smoking 23.7% and that for female subjects, smokers accounted for 18.3%, nonsmokers 75.4%, and abstainers from smoking 6.3%. The level of ?low ADL? was significantly higher in abstainers. In men, smoking rate had higher in alone, non-job, queerstreet, 「high ADL」. In women, smoking rate had higher in younger age, queerstreet, unhealthy, 「high ADL」. Conclusions: The smoking rate of the elderly was relatively high, especially at abstainers. The smoking status of elderly was correlated with age, family type, job, economic status by self-assessment, Self-recognition of health status, ADL level.

Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): A Case for Change in Definition, Analysis and Interpretation of "Cigarettes" and "Cigarettes Per Day" in Completed and Future Surveys

  • Jena, Pratap Kumar;Kishore, Jugal;Sarkar, Bidyut K.
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.3299-3304
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    • 2013
  • Background: The Global Adult Tobacco Survey has 15 key indicators, cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among daily smokers being one of them. The first wave of GATS in 14 countries indicated that mean CPD use is higher in women than men in India only, which is contrary to the current understanding of tobacco use globally. This study was undertaken to understand the unusual findings for mean CPD use in the GATS-India survey. Materials and Methods: Items B06a and B06b of the GATS India survey questionnaire that collected information on daily consumption of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were analyzed using SPSS software. Exclusive users were identified from these items after excluding the concurrent users of other tobacco products. Cigarette type, exclusive use and gender stratified analyses were made. Consumption of different types of cigarettes among the mixed users of manufactured and rolled cigarettes were correlated. Results: Higher mean number of CPD use among male daily-smokers was observed than their female counterparts in product specific analysis. Mean CPD as per GATS cigarette definition was higher in males than females for exclusive users but a reverse trend was observed in case of non-exclusive users. Use of manufactured cigarettes increased with increase in use of rolled cigarette among the mixed users and around half of these users reported equal CPD frequency for the both types of cigarettes. Conclusions: The anomaly in mean CPD estimate in GATS-India data was due to inclusion of two heterogeneous products to define cigarettes, variation in cigarette product specific user proportions contributing to the average and non-exclusive concurrent use of other tobacco products. The consumption pattern of cigarettes among the mixed users highlights bias in CPD reporting. Definition, analysis and interpretation of 'cigarettes per day' in the GATS India survey need to be improved by redefining cigarettes and making product specific analyses.

구강건강행태 및 치과의료서비스 이용과 치주질환과의 관련성 (A study of the relationship between oral health behaviors, use of dental clinics and periodontitis)

  • 최혜정;이명선
    • 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.89-99
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    • 2013
  • Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effects of oral health behaviors and use of dental clinics on periodontal diseases in women, the purpose of this study is to provide basic information to develop program for dental health promotion in young women. Methods: We conducted a survey targeting 486 women that agreed with the survey and were going to dental clinic from October 1, 2013 to October 18, 2013. We surveyed them by self-administered questionnaire and analyzed it by SPSS Win 19.0 program. Results: 1. For differences in periodontitis according to general characteristics, if th age is high, ratio of periodontitis is high. Married woman is higher than single one in ratio of periodontitis. Also the more number of birth, the higher ratio of periodontitis is.(p<.05) 2. For differences of periodontitis by dental care behavior, ratio of periodontitis of non-smokers is significantly low. For one that brush one's teeth broadside, the ratio of periodontitis is high.(p<.05) 3. For differences of periodontitis by use of dental clinic service, ratio of periodontitis of one that have more times visit to a dental clinic, more annual average cost for dental care, and regular dental check-ups is relatively low.(p<.05). 4. For determinant factors influencing on periodontitis, ratio of periodontitis of one that is old, have more stress, have a low level of education, and have preventive dental care is high. Ratio of periodontitis of one that have less toothbrushing and brush one's teeth after having lunch or a snack and before sleeping is significantly low. Conclusions: From this study, dental health behavior as the factor influencing on periodontitis of young women is statistically meaningful. Because this dental health behavior has a lot of potential to be improved by government and local community efforts such as education and social support, we think that systematic and various educational program development is needed to strengthen self dental care ability effectively with policy support.

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3차 의료기관에서 진단된 원발성 폐암의 임상적 특성 (Clinical Charicteristics of Primary Lung Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Hospital)

  • 류정선;이훈재;임종한;김루시아;이경희;조재화;윤용한;곽승민;이홍렬;김광호;노준규;정수경
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제60권3호
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    • pp.321-329
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    • 2006
  • 연구 배경: 폐암은 2000년에 들어와 우리나라 암 사망 원인 질환 중 1위가 되었으며, 아직 뚜렷한 생존기간의 향상이 없는 예후가 불량한 암이다. 최근 표적 치료제 개발에 따른 후속 연구 및 흡연이 폐암 발병에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구들에서 인종 간 유전적 특성의 차이, 생활환경이 미치는 영향 등이 부각되기도 하였다. 우리나라 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성에 대한 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 저자 등은 단일 3차 의료기관에서 지난 9년간 확진된 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성을 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 1996년 9월부터 2005년 8월까지 9년간 본원에 입원하여 폐암으로 진단을 받았던 1655예의 환자를 대상으로 연구하였다. 모든 대상 환자에 있어서 연령, 성별, 세포형, 임상적 병기를 분석하였다. 폐암 진단 당시 설문에 응답하였던 941예의 환자를 대상으로 폐암 가족력, 직업, 흡연력, 임상 증상, 체중감소, 수행상태 등을 조사하였다. 진단 당시 동반 질환으로 당뇨, 고혈압을 포함한 심장혈관질환, 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 특발성 폐섬유화증 및 활동성 폐결핵 등을 조사하였다. 결 과:전체 연구대상 폐암 환자의 남여 성비는 3.6:1 이었다. 세포형은 편평상피세포암이 제일 흔하였고, 여자에서는 선암이 흔한 세포형이었다. 흡연력이 있었던 경우가 80.1%이었고 비흡연자는 19.9%이었다. 여자 72.3%가 비흡연자 이었다. 비흡연자에서는 남여 모두 선암이 제일 흔한 세포형이었고, 흡연력이 있는 환자에서는 편평상피세포암이 흔하였다. 1996년부터 2000년까지와 2001년부터 2005년까지 두 단위 기간으로 나누어 보았을 때, 비소세포폐암 중 선암이 차지하는 빈도의 증가(29.5%에서 33.7%로)추세와 편평상피세포암의 감소(49.9%에서 41.8%로) 추세를 확인할 수 있었다. 환자 중 무증상은 6.2%에서 관찰되었고 흔한 증상으로는 기침, 객담, 호흡곤란 등 순 이었다. 동반 질환으로 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 심장 혈관 질환, 당뇨, 결핵, 특발성 폐섬유화증은 각각 44.1%, 22.2%, 10.7%, 3.9%, 1.6%에서 관찰되었다. 부모, 형제, 자매 중 폐암 가족력이 있었던 환자는 4.4% 이었고, 환자 직업력이 폐암 발병과 관련성이 있을 것으로 추정된 경우는 12.2%이었다. 결 론: 우리나라 폐암 환자에서 높은 흡연율이 관찰되었고 아직 편평상피세포암이 제일 흔한 세포형 이었다. 향후 우리나라 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성에 대한 보다 세밀한 조사가 필요하겠다.

에스트로젠 호르몬 대치요법이 혈압, 심박동변이, 갱년기증상에 미치는 효과 (The Effects of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability, and Climacteric Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women)

  • 이혜경
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.151-164
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    • 2002
  • PURPOSE: Estrogen replacement therapy is indicated for the relief of hot flushes and urogenital atrophy, the prevention of osteoporosis and the reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study assessed by blood pressure, heart rate variability, and climacteric symptoms in menopausal women before treatment and at 1 month during estrogen replacement therapy. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 16 healthy menopausal women (range 49 to 59 years, mean : 53.4 years) attending menopausal clinics for the complaint of climateric symptoms at S. hospital in Chunchoen. They were all non-smokers and no patient had symptoms or evidence of cardiovascular disease. They took estrogen replacement therapy (conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg with or without medroxy progesteron 2.5mg) for 1 month. Blood pressure, heart rate variability(heart period and vagal tone) through ECG, and climacteric symptom were measured in all subjects before treatment and at 1 month during treatment. Climacteric symptom questionnaire which was developed by Neugarten et al.(1963) was modified with 20 items of question(Cronbach's alpha = 88 -.89). The data was collected from Sept. 1. 2000 to July. 30. 2001. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in mean systolic and diastolic pressure between the baseline and at 1 month during treatment. The mean heart period and vagal tone were slightly increased, but difference of mean heart period and vagal tone were not statistically significant between the baseline and at 1 month during treatment. The score of climacteric symptoms decreased significantly from the baseline after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Even though, this study did not show that estrogen replacement therapy led decrease of blood pressure and increase heart rate variability, climacteric symptoms reduced much in all subjects after taking drugs. These results suggest that there is need to repeat study with long term period.

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Micronutrients and prevention of cervical pre-cancer in HPV vaccinated women: a cross-sectional study

  • Chandrika J Piyathilake;Suguna Badiga;Nongnut Thao;Pauline E Jolly
    • 대한지역사회영양학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.61-73
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    • 2023
  • Objectives: Prophylactic vaccines against high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) hold promise to prevent the development of higher grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+) and cervical cancer (CC) that develop due to HR-HPV genotypes that are included in HPV vaccines, but women will continue to develop CIN 2+ and CC due to HR-HPV genotypes that are not included in the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (9VHPV). Thus, the current vaccines are likely to decrease but not entirely prevent the development of CIN 2+ or CC. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of CIN 2+ that develop due to HR-HPVs not included in vaccines. Methods: Study population consisted of 1476 women tested for 37 HPVs and known to be negative for qHPVs (6/11/16/18, group A, n = 811) or 9VHPVs (6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58, group B, n = 331), but positive for other HR-HPVs. Regression models were used to determine the association between plasma concentrations of micronutrients, socio-demographic, lifestyle factors and risk of CIN 2+ due to HR-HPVs that are not included in vaccines. Results: The prevalence of infections with HPV 31, 33, 35 and 58 that contributed to CIN 2+ differed by race. In group A, African American (AA) women and current smokers were more likely to have CIN 2 (OR = 1.76, P = 0.032 and 1.79, P = 0.016, respectively) while in both groups of A and B, those with higher vitamin B12 were less likely to have similar lesions (OR = 0.62, P = 0.036 and 0.45, P = 0.035, respectively). Conclusions: We identified vitamin B12 status and smoking as independent modifiable factors and ethnicity as a factor that needs attention to reduce the risk of developing CIN 2+ in the post vaccination era. Continuation of tailored screening programs combined with non-vaccine-based approaches are needed to manage the residual risk of developing HPV-related CIN 2+ and CC in vaccinated women.

노화 과정에 따른 노인과 여대생의 식생활, 건강 상태 및 혈액 성상 비교 연구 (Comparison of Dietary Patterns, Health, and Blood Parameters of Elderly Women and College Women in the Seoul Area)

  • 신경옥;정근희;최경순
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
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    • 제19권5호
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    • pp.703-712
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 노인과 여대생의 건강 상태를 비교하여 노화가 일어날수록 변화되는 신체 및 식습관 변화 등을 알아보고, 좀 더 효과적인 노인 건강 증진 및 그에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구의 여자 노인 평균 연령은 $78.64{\pm}7.30$세였으며, 신장과 체중은 각각 $147.07{\pm}5.72$ cm, $50.47{\pm}7.44$ kg으로 한국인 체위 기준치에 비해 3.93 cm 더 작았으나, 체중은 0.27kg 정도 높게 조사되었다. 체질량 지수는 노인이 $22.83{\pm}6.11\;kg/m^2$, 여대생이 $20.23{\pm}2.13\;kg/m^2$로 노인의 체질량 지수가 높았지만, 정상 범위($18.5\;kg/m^2{\leq}$BMI < 24.9kg/$m^2$)에 속하였다. 여자 노인의 경우, 아침식사를 여대생에 비해 챙겨 먹는 경우가 많았지만, 의치 등을 사용하고, 음식을 씹는데 어려움을 겪고 있어, 국물 위주의 식사를 하는 경우가 많았고, 식사시간도 10분 이내로 짧았다. 대부분의 여자 노인들이 한가지 이상의 질병을 앓고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며, 고혈압이 25%로 가장 많은 비율을 차지하였다. 운동 여부를 묻는 질문에는 여자 노인은 52.2%, 여대생은 47.8%가 운동을 한다고 답하였다. 운동의 횟수를 보면, 여자 노인은 35명 중 일주일에 평균 1~2번 정도 하는 경우가 74.3%나 되었다. 전체 조사 대상자의 1회 운동시 평균 운동 시간은 30분 이내가 가장 많은 비율(40.3%)을 차지하였고, 전체 조사 대상자가 가장 즐겨하는 운동의 종류로는 가벼운 운동(걷기, 체조 등)이 73.1%였으며, 그 다음으로 중정도의 운동(자전거, 헬스, 조깅 등)은 19.4%였다. 여대생의 경우에는 강도가 높은 운동(탁구, 수영, 테니스 등)을 하는 비율도 7.5%나 되었다. 여자 노인은 여대생에 비해 흡연과 음주율은 낮았지만, 몇몇의 노인의 경우 흡연과 음주를 장기간에 걸쳐한 것으로 조사되었다. 혈액 성상 중 여자 노인은 적혈구수, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV 등이 여대생에 비해 유의하게 낮았으나, MCH와 MCHC 수치는 오히려 여자 노인이 각각 $31.27{\pm}3.79$ pg (p<0.09)과 $33.96{\pm}1.11$ g/dL(p<0.05)로 여대생의 수치에 비해 높았다. 중성지방 수치는 여대생($79.71{\pm}40.96$ mg/dL)에 비해 여자 노인($127.89{\pm}51.25$ mg/dL)에서 수치가 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), LDL-cholesterol 수치도 여자 노인이 $120.51{\pm}32.88$ mg/dL, 여대생이 $103.78{\pm}22.94$ mg/dL로 나타나 여자 노인에서 유의하게 높은 수치를 보였다(p<0.05). 그러나 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-cholesterol의 수치는 여자 노인에 비해 여대생에서 높은 수치를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈청내 vitamin C의 함량은 여자 노인이 $3.01{\pm}2.94\;{\mu}g/mL$, 여대생이 $4.96{\pm}4.89\;{\mu}g/mL$로 여대생의 수치가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 노인의 경우 노화가 진행될수록 몸의 기능의 쇠퇴로 인해 정상적인 생활을 하는 것이 많이 불편한 것으로 조사되었으며, 식습관 및 건강 상태 등이 급격히 변화 하고, 혈액내 중성지방, LDL-cholesterol 수치가 급격히 높아졌다. 또한 노인에게 있어서 노화를 지연시켜 주며, 항산화 역할을 하는 vitamin C와 HDL-cholesterol 수치가 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 노인들이 건강한 삶을 영위할 수 있는 실질적인 식생활 전반의 개선과 건강 증진을 위한 영양교육 강화의 필요성 및 노인 건강 상태에 알맞은 체계적인 식사 관리 프로그램이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 자신의 건강 상태를 올바르게 판단하여 자신에게 맞는 식생활 계획을 세우는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다.

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마리화나 남용환자의 역동적인 발달요인과 문제해결 (Dynamic Developmental Factors and their Problem Solving of Patients that Abuse Marihuana)

  • 원정숙
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.105-116
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    • 1974
  • This study was made on patients who were Hospitalized due to sickness caused by the abuse of marihuana at the Psychiatric Section of a hospital during the period from Feb. to Oct., 1974. The following conclusion was obtained by reviewing the literature with respect to the nursing, and problem solving of those patients. 1. It appears that marihuana is a comparatively mild intoxicant in ordinary preparation without causing physical dependence or tolerance. 2. According to the status of men who are marihuana smokers, approximately 20% of them were college students, those preparing to retake college entrance examinations, non-employed and pharmacists. The men belong mostly to the middle foreigner′s mistress of higher, income bracket, and in the case of women, most of the smokers were US. servicemen entertainers. 3. Dynamic developmental factors: Case 1. : The patient had a characteristic, hysterical and emotionally unitable character, and was of low intelligence, In addition, to this already existing problem, the added uses of marihuana caused a mental illness to develope. Case 2 : The character, was reserved and introspective, her creative power and sentiment was fading and his ability of self-control was weakened. She used the smoking of marihuana to get rid of her own feeling of inferiority complex and tensions coming from interpersonal relationships. Case 3 : The patient was unconditionally resistive to the authoritativeness of superiors and irresponsible in his relationship with women, in his attitude concerning sex in general. He smoked marihuana because he felt become peace-loving and get enchanted experience through smoking it. 4. The points of issue appearing from the above case; (1) Movement of anti-social feelings against the "established system" by the youngsters. (2) Family problem. (3) Shamelessness, loss of motivation, disorderly attitude toward the sex, (4) Worries concerning the future. (5) Lack of knowledge concerning smoking of cigarette and marihuana. Chronic use of marihuana made, those youngman who had originally been ambitions to achieve something in life, lazy, inefficient, unable to make long-term plans, are such weak mined persons that they did not try to overcome problems when encountered. This will pose a great and important question in the mental health of the society, 5. Treatment and Problem sieving According to the literature, we will have to place importance upon hospitalized treatment The phases of treatment were divided into five parts. (1) Prehospital phase (2) Withdrawal Phase (3) Rehabilitation phase (4) Transitional phase (5) After-care phase The experiments have proved that there was much progress in the recovery of patients through environment therapy, supportive therapy and group psychotherapy. This was the above mentioned 5 phases of treating process in accordance with the weekly schedule of the hospital. It was thought that the patients would require prolonged after care management even after they were released from the hospital and that they will also require periodic visit, to the hospital and doctor′s interview with their family. In conclusion, the question of the young generation and marihuana smoking is becoming a great social problem in which their resistances to the "established system" and society is growing in the from of antiestablishment movements. In our country, the smoking of marihuana is gradually developing, therefore, I think, that it would be a very fortunate thing for us, if this report could be helpful for the motivation of further study on the questions of the young generation and its problems.

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한국인의 흡연습관에 따른 폐암발생의 비교위험도 (Relative Risk for Lung Cancer According to Smoking Habits in Koreans)

  • 신경철;류헌모;박혜정;문영철;정진홍;이관호
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제48권3호
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    • pp.331-338
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    • 2000
  • 연구배경 : 우리 나라의 경우 청소년들과 여성들의 흡연이 크게 증가하고, 담배를 피우기 시작하는 나이 역시 계속 낮아지고 있어 30-40년 후에도 우리 나라의 폐암발생률은 계속 증가할 것으로 추측하고 있다. 저자들은 우리 나라 폐암환자의 흡연습관을 분석하여 폐암발생과 관계 있는 흡연요소를 알아보고, 이를 폐암발생과 예방에 대한 기본자료로 이용하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 본 연구는 환자-대조군 연구로 1995년 11월부터 1996년 7월까지 영남대학교 부속병원 내과를 방문하여 폐기능 검사를 받은 환자들을 대상으로 흡연력 및 흡연량, 흡연습관 등에 관한 정보가 기록된 설문지를 이용하여 직접면담을 통하여 설문조사를 시행하였다. 폐암발생에 대한 각 흡연습관의 상대위험도는 Mantel Haenszel의 방법을 이용하여 구하였다. 결 과 : 습관적으로 담배를 피우기 시작한 나이는 22.5세, 일일 흡연량은 1.2갑, 흡연기간은 40년, 그리고 담배연령은 47 갑 년이었다. 습관적으로 흡연을 시작한 나이가 어릴수록, 흡연기간 및 담배연령, 그리고 일일흡연량이 많을수록 폐암발생의 교차비는 높았다. 금연여부에 따른 교차비의 차이도 의미 있었다. 연기를 깊게 흡입하는 경우 폐암발생의 교차비가 약간 증가하는 경향이 있었으나, 한번 피울 때 피운 담배의 길이와는 뚜렷한 관계가 없었다. 16년 이상 필터 없는 담배를 피운 경우 교차비가 증가하였다. 결 론 : 폐암발생에 영향을 미치는 중요한 흡연과 관계된 요인은 흡연기간 및 담배연령, 일일 흡연량, 습관적으로 담배를 피우기 시작한 나이, 필터 없는 담배를 피운 기간, 그리고 금연여부 등이었다. 그러나 이에 대한 정확한 결론은 더 많은 흡연정보를 포함하는 전향적인 연구가 도움이 될 것으로 생각한다.

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Determination of Appropriate Sampling Time for Job Stress Assessment: the Salivary Chromogranin A and Cortisol in Adult Females

  • Hong, Ran-Hi;Yang, Yun-Jung;Kim, Sang-Yon;Lee, Won-Young;Hong, Yeon-Pyo
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2009
  • Objectives : This study was conducted to determine the appropriate sampling time of the salivary stress markers, chromogranin A (CgA) and cortisol as objective indices of job stress assessment in adult females. Methods : The subjects were 20${\sim}$39-year-old women (13 office workers, 11 sales-service workers, and 11 college students) who were eligible for the study and free of acute and chronic medical conditions. Salivary CgA and cortisol levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Saliva samples were collected (2 $m{\ell}$ each) at 7:00, 8:00, 10:30, 12:00, 17:30, and 22:30 on a typical day. Salivary CgA and cortisol levels, according to sampling time, were compared among the three groups using general linear model. The full version of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), which includes socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior, workrelated characteristics, and BMI, was used to access the subjects' job stress. Multiple regression analysis of the job stressors identified by the KOSS was performed on salivary CgA and cortisol levels. Results : The salivary CgA level peaked at 7:00 (time of awakening), then decreased and were maintained at a low level throughout the day, and increased slightly at 17:30. The salivary cortisol level increased steeply within the 1st hour after awakening, followed by a gradual decrease by 12:00, and was then maintained at a low level throughout the day. The salivary cortisol levels of subjects who worked ${\leq}$5 days per week and graduated from the university were significantly lower at 8:00 (p=0.006). The salivary cortisol levels of non-smokers were significantly lower at 7:00 p=0.040) and 8:00 (p=0.003) compared to smokers. There were no significant differences in salivary CgA and cortisol levels at 10:30 and 12:00 in general characteristics. The regression coefficients on salivary CgA level were significant with interpersonal conflict at 17:30 and job insecurity at 22:30. Regression coefficients on salivary cortisol level were significant with organizational system and total job stressors at 17:30. Conclusions : We suggest that the appropriate sampling times for the salivary stress markers, CgA and cortisol, are at 7:00 (time of awakening), 8:00 (1 hour after awakening), 17:30 (early evening), and 22:30 (before sleep).