• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.1604-1609
• /
• 2003

A metabolism trial with four ruminally fistulated sheep was conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the effect of concentrate to roughage ratio (70:30 vs. 85:15) and oil source (soybean oil vs. rapeseed oil) on the ruminal fermentation pattern and $C_{18}$-fatty acids composition including trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (trans11-ODA) and cis9, trans11-18:2 (cis9, trans11-CLA) in the rumen fluid and plasma. Oil was added to the concentrate at 5% level of the total diet (DM basis) and chopped rye grass hay was fed as roughage. An increased level of concentrate (85%) within supplemented oil slightly lowered pH but increased ammonia concentration. Supplementation of rapeseed oil relatively increased pH and ammonia concentration. Higher concentrate level resulted in increased tendencies of total VFA concentration while oil source did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA proportion. Whole tract digestibilities of DM, CP, EE, NDF and OM in diets slightly increased at higher concentrate level. Proportions of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) in the rumen fluid were influenced by the fatty acid composition of oil source but oil source did not affect the in vitro formations of trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA. Slightly increased trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions, however, were observed from the sheep fed high roughage diet supplemented with both soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$ composition in supplemented oils responded to those in plasma of sheep. Effects of concentrate to roughage ratio and oil source on trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions in plasma were found to be small. Proportion of cis9, trans11-CLA in plasma tended to be increased from the sheep fed high roughage diet and collection time at 9h post feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.379-385
• /
• 2018

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as roughage in lactating cow on feed intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and microbial protein synthesis. Methods: Ten Girolando cows at initial body weight of $450{\pm}25.6kg$ and at $143.7{\pm}30.7days$ in milk were assigned in two $5{\times}5$ Latin square designs. Five 21-day experimental periods were adopted ($1^{\circ}$ to 14-day: diets adaptation period; $15^{\circ}$ to 21-day: data collection and sampling period). The diets consisted of four different levels of sugarcane bagasse (45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and a control diet, commonly adopted in the region, based on spineless cactus (25% sugarcane bagasse), formulated to meet 12 kg/d milk yield. Results: The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients intakes and DM and OM digestibilities observed for 45% and 50% bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet, while that 55% and 60% bagasse inclusion were lower. Cows fed control diet, and bagasse diets of 45%, and 50% levels had the nutritional requirements attended, that guaranteed 12 kg/d of milk yield. The crude protein intake and digestibility of cows fed 45%, 50%, and 55% of bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility differ for all bagasse diets related to control diet, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake and digestibility for cows fed 45% of bagasse were similar for control diet. The intakes and digestibilities of nutrients decreased linearly in function of bagasse inclusion; NDF and indigestible NDF intakes did not vary. The ruminating time, feeding and rumination efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and milk yield decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse inclusion. Conclusion: Sugarcane bagasse decreases milk production; however, its inclusion level in between 45% to 50% associated to concentrate could replace diets based on spineless cactus for crossbred dairy cow's producing 12 kg/d of milk.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.13 no.3 s.34
• /
• pp.309-321
• /
• 2005

To analyze travel demand fur transportation policy and transportation planning, it is important to construct realistic and reliable traffic data. And it needs a user friendly system to demonstrate transportation problems in the transportation planning and transportation management aspect. Generally, to construct network for analysis and collection about social and economical data is a core of transportation planning model. However, it takes a lot of time and effect. To overcome this problem GIS is more effective and efficient in data processing, such as selecting, editing and visualizing, etc. However, it is an early stage to use CIS in the transportation problems. This paper shows a new GIS-T system. The system can give traffic information and plan transportation planning using GIS which has ability as spatial representation and spatial analysis. To build this system, we design interfaces that are able to communicate transportation package for analysis with GIS and manage network efficiently, such as editing and examination. And we also develop a module for traffic information processing to handle spatial data and add it on the system. The proposed system shows more realistic transportation network modeling because the system presents more effective conditions to analyze network. And it can be a tool that can analyze various transportation problems.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.288-309
• /
• 1999

This survey was done to construct a nursing theory according to Korean culture and to identify the Korean traditional view. From ancient time until now, shamanism has played an important role as determinant of Korean culture and of the personality formation of Korean people. The subjects are 321 patients and member of their families who were over 18 years old, and who are living in five large cities and two rural communities in Korea. Data collection was done from March, 8th to April, 29th in 1999. SPSS The tool developed by the investigator through literature review was used to measure the perception and the attitude of patients and their families to Korean shamanism. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, percent and $x^2$ test with SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) While 35% of respondents answed that the destiny or fate(八字) was only relied on the abilities and endeavor of individual, 65% of respondents were fatalists(運命論者) or eclectic(折衷主義者) are compromised between the fate and endeavor. 2) While half of the respondents belief in divination(占) to some degree, the rest of them reported hardly any belief in divination. 3) There were almost twice as many respondents who directly consulted fortune-tellers were as respondents who did not consult fortunetellers. 4) The reasons for consulting fortunetellers were job problems, home problems, health problems by in that order. 5) The respondents almost always interpreted the cause of physical disease and mental disease as being psycho-sociological, but 1% of them explained mental disease as a shamanistic manitestation. 6) In case of disease, the reasons for consulting a fortuneteller was a) no hope of recovery from the sickness in any other way, b) the chronic disease in that order. 7) Of the respondents, 65% answered that diseases could not be cured by a 'Gut' (the performance done by the shaman), but 27% of respondents thought that disease could be cured by a 'Gut' in the case of mental disease. 8) Sixty six percent of the respondents answered that they have experienced praying for their wishes with clean water(井華水). 9) While 54% of the respondents answered that they have seen or heard the 'Beung Gut'(the performance to pray for recovery of sickness done by the shaman), 46% responded that they have never seen or heard it. 10) To the question 'do you intend to have a 'Beung Gut', 51.7% of respondents answer 'no' strongly, but 48% of them say 'yes' or took a compromising attitude. 11) Generally the respondents differed in perception and attitude to shamanism. In short, females more than males, old aged more than younger aged, lower educated more than higher educated, believers in Buddhism more than believers in any other religion, and blue color more than white color have more positive attitudes to shamanism. Also men living in rural communities have more positive attitude to shamanism than men living in the large cities. Consequently, Shamanism can be understood as an anxiety relieving cultural system even though Shamanism itself looks like a cultural complex.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.362-371
• /
• 1995

There is no national system to manage, evaluate, and analyse the information about accidents, even though it is necessary for accident prevention policies and health promotion of the general public. The existing studies are, also limited as they focus only on particular group(for example : inpatients, emergency room patients) or on particular geographic areas. Thus the results of the studies cannot be ap-plied to the general public. In order to overcome these limitations, this research focuses on data collection and analysis from accident information for the general population. By providing the analysis on types and causes af accidents, this research aims to produce the basic data necessary for accident prevention policy development. The specific aims of this research are to : 1. Analyse the actual occurrences and characteristics of accidents. 2. Suggest for the accident prevention policies and safety education. Accident report form three major newspaper printed in Korea between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1993 were collected, and the cause, place, time, and personal injury related to the accidents were classified and then analyzed by de-scriptive statistics. The results of this research conclude : 1. The number of accidents reported by the three newspapers were 2155. 2. The highest proportion of accidents were as follows ; occurred during the June-August(31.2%), Sunday(24.8%), and 5 p.m. (7.6%) of the day. 3. The highest proportion of the accident occurred in Seoul(33. l％), Kyunggi province(14.5%), Kangwon province (7.8％), and Kyungnam prov-ince(6.7%) were next highest. 4. The main causes include car accidents(32.4%), drowning(10.9%), falls(8.8%), explosion(7.1%), and poisoning(5.8%). 5. Slightly more than half of injuries(50.5%) and about two fifths of deaths(40.3%) were caused by car accidents. Therefore, the most serious type of accidents were car accidents. 6. The number of males in accidents were almost three times higher than that of females(males 72.3%, females : 27.7%). 7. The age group from 10 to 19 years old represents the highest proportion(21%) of accidents. 8. The number of the accidents in Korea, based on the information collected from the newspapers, is estimated to be 14, 367 per year. The number of in-juries is estimated to be 88, 480 persons, and the number of deaths 29, 007 respectively. It is said that ninety percent of accidents can be prevented. Several accidents prevention policies are suggested here. 1. Safety education should be done more actively throughtout life, with special emphasis on safety education for children. 2. Safety measures for children(halmets for cycling, children car seats, seats belts, and so on) should be emphasized. 3. An injury surveillance system should be initiated. The initiation of injury reporting system in each factory and school could contribute considerably to the reduction of accidents.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.228-236
• /
• 2020

Korea has an economy based on manufacturing industrial fields, which produce high amounts of hazardous wastes, in spite of few landfill candidates, and a significant concern for fine airborne particulates; therefore, traditional waste management is difficult to apply in this country. Moreover, waste collection and accumulation have recently been intensified by the waste import prohibitions or regulations in developing nations, the universalization of delivery services in Korea, and the global COVID-19 crisis. This study thus presents a domestic waste management strategy that aims to address the recent issues on waste. The contents of the strategy as the main results of the study include the (1) improvement of the compatibility of the classification codes between the domestic hazardous waste and the international ones such as those of the Basel Convention; (2) consideration of the mixed hazard indices to represent toxicity from low-content components such as rare earth metals often contained in electrical and electronic equipment waste; (3) management application based on risks throughout the life cycles of waste; (4) establishment of detailed material flow information of waste by integrating the Albaro system, Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) system, and online trade databases; (5) real-time monitoring and prediction of the waste movement or discharge using positional sensors and geographic information systems, among others; and (6) selection and implementation of optimal treatment or recycling practices through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and clean technologies.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
• /
• no.16
• /
• pp.175-199
• /
• 2013

Capriccio which has emersed in Italy of the 18th century is a new genre of the landscape painting. This genre represents reality, but it is very artificial product correspondingly its concept and character. It's birth place is distributed on various regions in Italy, but the main stage was Rome. Till the middle of the 18th century Rome was the Holy city of the Grand tour, the home of the Neo-Classicism and furthermore the field where archaeology and art history began to be instituted. On such historical situation the Capriccio came out and was recognized as the best popular genre in the visual art. It was favor of the art collection with the antiquity together and reflected the consciousness of the contemporary to the ancient. This study will examine the phenomena in the newly-developed archaeology and with few representative works of Giovanni Paolo Pannini as central term consider the Capriccio and the archaeological connotation. The systematical and institutional archeology which appeared at the age of the Enlightenment, on the contrary to the critical theories at the same time against capriccio, because it was regarded by them as paradoxical and too much sensitive, utilized it as a theoretical method very actively. Some among Historians and archaeologists did it, especially Francesco Bianchini distinguished the capriccio from simple imagination and made it a capacity of the knowledge. And through it he wanted to find out the historical truth. The visual art was influenced and encouraged by such attitude of the archaeology. However it's output spreaded out in various courses. While Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the best known Capriccist of the 18th century, tried to revive the antique through the epical value and his own imagination, Pannini gave priority to the strict historical research. In the such context Panni succeed Giovanni Battista Nolli who made the great map of the city Rome. Their Capriccio profited motive and was inspired by the historians and archaeologists such as Bianchini and Muratori. The Capriccio reflects not only the academic and popular interest for the antique, but also influenced on the upcoming scientific archaeology vice versa. It caused by their reasonable Interpretation and restoration of the antique through the visual medium. Finally as archaeological landscape Pannini's Capriccio is a historical case, in that the Capriccio applied the theoretical method of the archaeology to make art. It served as a momentum for the connotation to the archaeological thought.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.365-369
• /
• 2016

Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), as one of exotic weeds in Korea, was dominated in grassland and reduced the quality of forage. Improving current pasture productivity by precision management requires practical tools to collect site-specific pasture weed data. Recent development in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has offered cost effective and real time applications for site-specific data collection. To map red sorrel on a hill pasture, we tested the potential use of an UAV system with digital cameras (visible and near-infrared (NIR) camera). Field measurements were conducted on grazing hill pasture at Hanwoo Improvement Office, Seosan City, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea on May 17, 2014. Plant samples were obtained at 20 sites. An UAV system was used to obtain aerial photos from a height of approximately 50 m (approximately 30 cm spatial resolution). Normalized digital number values of Red, Green, Blue, and NIR channels were extracted from aerial photos. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the correlation coefficient between Rumex content and 4 bands of UAV image was 0.96 with root mean square error of 9.3. Therefore, UAV monitoring system can be a quick and cost effective tool to obtain spatial distribution of red sorrel data for precision management of hilly grazing pasture.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.43-58
• /
• 2017

Objectives : The Purpose of this study was to develop the occupation based grocery shopping skill training program for group of person with developmental disability and to test its effect. Methods : We set the grocery shopping task for the theme of the program and we applied this program for 9 sessions. There were initial, final, and follow-up evaluation and training sessions were provided 6 times. In the every session, group training program for grocery shopping skills was conducted. The performance of grocery shopping skills was evaluated by Test of Grocery Shopping Skills(TOGSS). Results : At the final assessment of grocery shopping skill, there were increased performance skills especially in item collection and size comparison. Among 3 subjects, two showed in improved navigation skills in order to search for target items. However, there was no improvement in comparing the optical price of items. For the last, it was significant that the total time to spend for shopping were commonly decreased. The performance of grocery shopping were maintained in 2 subjects and another subject was unable to perform it at the 5 month later follow-up evaluation. Conclusion : The occupation based grocery shopping skill training group program which was developed in this study is useful guide-line for occupational therapists who seek for the community based program. All 3 subjects showed the improved performance on shopping skill through this program.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2016.02a
• /
• pp.429-429
• /
• 2016

Organolead halide perovskite have attracted much attention over the past three years as the third generation photovoltaic due to simple fabrication process via solution process and their great photovoltaic properties. Many structures such as mesoporous scaffold, planar heterojunction or 1-D TiO2 or ZnO nanorod array structures have been studied to enhance performances. And the photovoltaic performances and carrier transport properties were studied depending on the cell structures and shape of perovskite film. For example, the perovskite cell based on TiO2/ZnO nanorod electron transport materials showed higher electron mobility than the mesoporous structured semiconductor layer due to 1-D direct pathway for electron transport. However, the reason for enhanced performance was not fully understood whether either the shape of perovskite or the structure of TiO2/ZnO nanorod scaffold play a dominant role. In this regard, for a clear understanding of the shape/structure of perovskite layer, we applied anodized aluminum oxide material which is good candidate as the inactive scaffold that does not influence the charge transport. We fabricated vertical one dimensional (1-D) nanostructured methylammonium lead mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) solar cell by infiltrating perovskite in the pore of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO). AAO template, one of the common nanostructured materials with one dimensional pore and controllable pore diameters, was successfully fabricated by anodizing and widening of the thermally evaporated Al film on the compact TiO2 layer. Using AAO as a scaffold for perovskite, we obtained 1-D shaped perovskite absorber, and over 15% photo conversion efficiency was obtained. I-V measurement, photoluminescence, impedance, and time-limited current collection were performed to determine vertically arrayed 1-D perovskite solar cells shaped in comparison with planar heterojunction and mesoporous alumina structured solar cells. Our findings lead to reveal the influence of the shape of perovskite layer on photoelectrical properties.