• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2003

사경은 남계원(南溪院) 석탑의 출토품으로 1915년 남계원석탑(南溪院石塔)을 개성시(開城市)의 덕암동(德岩洞)의 원 위치로부터 경복궁으로 옮길 때 발견된 감지은니사경(紺紙銀泥寫經)의 염승익발원(廉丞益發願)의 사경(寫經) "묘법연화경(妙法蓮華經)" 7권본 1부는 권자본(卷子本)으로 세로 31.1cm이며, 표지화와 변상화(變相畵)가 안팍을 이루고 있는데 폭은 27.2cm이다. 이 사경은 또한 1행 14자로 쓰여지고 있는데, 이러한 특징은 표지화 변상화의 양식과 더불어 고려국왕별원 금 은자사경의 양식과 같다. 이 사경을 발원한 인물은 충렬왕대의 권신이던 염승익이다. 염승익은 "고려사(高麗史)" "고려사절요(高麗史節要)"에 의하면, 기인을 동원하여 지은 자신의 집을 대장경사경소(大藏經寫經所) 금자대장사경소(金字大藏寫經所)로 내놓았다는 기록이 있다. 그러므로 이 사경은 염승익이 자신과 그 일가권속의 복락을 빌기 위해 "묘법연화경(妙法蓮華經)" 7권부 1부를 금자대장사경소(金字大藏寫經所)에서 제작하고, 충렬왕(忠烈王) 9년 남계원석탑(南溪院石塔)을 수리할 때 탑에 함께 봉안했을 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 그러나 이 사경의 가장 중요한 점은 "고려사절요(高麗史節要)"의 기록처럼 금자대장소로 내놓았다는 점이라 할 수 있다. 금자대장소란 장소적 의미가 강조된 것으로 금경사와 더불어서 금자원과의 차이를 밝힐 수 있는 중요한 단서라고 할 수 있는 점이다. 그러나 이 사경이 충렬왕대 고려국왕발원 금 은자사경의 특징을 그대로 보여주고 있다는 점에서 비록 개인발원사경이라 할지라도 금자대장사경소(金字大藏寫經所)에서 제작되었기 때문에 금자원(金字院)(혹은 은자원(銀字院))의 스타일을 그대로 따르고 있다는 점과 이러한 점을 통해 남겨진 기록들과 발문을 중심으로 사경원 금 은자원의 성격을 밝히는데 힘썼다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제40권
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• pp.207-241
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• 2007

본 논문은 경복궁 집경당의 운용과 수장품의 내역을 통해 고종연간 궁중 서화수장의 추이를 살펴본 것이다. 그동안 집경당에 대해서는 구체적인 연구가 이루어지지 못한 채 건립시기는 경복궁 중건공사가 이루어진 1867년 이후이며 주로 내외신 접견처로 활용된 것으로 알려졌었다. 그러나 이글에서는 집경당과 한 건물로 배치된 함화당의 상향문과 기타 관찬사료의 기록을 통해 집경당이 1890년경에 건립되었으며, 그 운용에 있어서도 국왕의 접견처보다는 주로 고종의 강학(講學) 공간이자 풍부한 서책과 서화를 보관한 궁중 도서관, 서화수장처로서 기능을 하였음을 조명하였다. 서책을 보관한 장서각이 궁궐의 특정 영역과 관계없이 분포했던 반면, 서화작품을 수장한 수장처는 조선후기 이후 연침(燕寢) 영역에 위치하기 시작했다. 고종과 비빈들의 침전 영역에 속한 집경당이 서화수장처로 이용된 것은 이러한 배경에서 찾아 볼 수 있으며, 특히 고종연간에는 건청궁과 집옥재를 중심으로 국가의 문화적 기틀을 마련하고자 한 정책으로 인해 경복궁 연침영역에 궁중 도서관이 밀집해 있었다. 당시에는 헌종에 의해 발전한 19세기 전반의 궁중 서화수장에 힘입어 각 궁궐마다 선왕선후의 초상, 그들의 어필, 조선왕실 서책, 그밖에 국내외 서화가들의 작품이 다량으로 소장되어 있었다. 한편, 고종의 적극적인 외국서적 수입정책과 개항기라는 시대상황과 맞물려 궁중으로 유입된 서화자료의 내역은 크게 달라져 있었다. 가장 두드러진 특징은 1800연대를 전후로 간행된 중국 청대 서화, 화보(畵譜), 총서류 및 일본화보, 서양지도가 상당량 유입된 정황이 파악됨에 따라 조선 고유의 작품을 위주로 했던 전통적인 수장 성격에서 벗어났다는 점이다. 이러한 집경당 소장 서화의 외래적인 성격은 19세기 서화단에 있어 김정희 일파를 중심으로 한 청대 첩학(帖學) 비학파(碑學派) 서풍(書風)의 수용, 그리고 장승업 조석진 안중식 등이 청대 산수 인물화풍을 적극 수용하여 중국화풍의 대대적인 유행을 가져온 경향과도 상통한 맥락이었다고 하겠다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

BVR CCD observations of GW Cep were made on 15 nights in November through December 2008 with a 1-m reflector at the Jincheon station of the Chungbuk National University Observatory. Nineteen new times of minimum lights for GW Cep were determined and added to a collection of all other times of minima available to us. These data were then intensively analyzed, by reference to an O-C diagram, to deduce the general form of period variation for GW Cep. It was found that the O-C diagram could be interpreted as presenting two different forms of period change: an exclusively quasi-sinusoidal change with a period of 32.6 years and an eccentricity of 0.10; and a quasi-sinusoidal change with a period of 46.2 years and an eccentricity of 0.36 superposed on an upward parabola. Although a final conclusion is somewhat premature at present, the latter seems more plausible because late-type contact binaries allow an inter-exchange of both energy and mass between the component stars. The quasi-sinusoidal characteristics were interpreted in terms of a light-time effect due to an unseen tertiary component. The minimum masses of the tertiary component for both cases were calculated to be nearly the same as the $0.23-0.26M\;{\odot}$-ranges which is hardly detectable in a light curve synthesis. The upward parabolic O-C diagram corresponding to a secular period increase of about $4.12{\times}10^{-8}\;d/yr$ was interpreted as mass being transferred from the lesser to more massive component. The transfer rate for a conservative case was calculated to be about $2.66\;{\times}\;10^{-8}\;M_{\odot}/yr$ which is compatible with other W UMa-type contact binaries.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2000

This Study carried out for the purpose of basic data collection school teachers in Korea during September 2000 at Seoul, Kangwon province and JeonRaBuk province. 534 teachers among 600 school health teachers was analyzed by SPSS program. The major findings is as follows; 1. Mean score of Job-satisfaction is $25.52{\pm}4.46$ as 50 total point. Staff cooperation $2.96{\pm}.93$ is the highest score and promotion system $2.02{\pm}1.06$ is the lowest score as 5 total point by Job-satisfaction factor 2. Age-specific mean scores are $20.63{\pm}4.44$ at age of $20{\sim}29$, $25.77{\pm}4.15$ at age of $30{\sim}39$, $27.69{\pm}4.63$ at age of $40{\sim}49$ and $27.11{\pm}5.26$ at age of more than 50. 'Promotion', 'Health education', 'Cooperation of school physician', 'Allocation of professional' and 'Professional skill' are significantly different by age group. 3. Job-satisfaction of long period working teachers is higher than that of short workers, 'Salary system' and 'Professional skill' by factor are significantly different. 4. Job satisfaction by area is not significantly different, and 'Professional skill' as a factor of urban is higher than rural area. 5. Job-satisfaction by school level is not significantly different, and 'Health budget', 'Cooperation of school physician', 'Allocation of professional' and 'Professional skill' are significantly different by level of school. 6. Job-satisfaction of big size school is higher than that of small school and 'Health education' of big size school is high. 7. Job-satisfaction of low education is low score and 'Salary', 'Textbook for health education', 'Health facility' and 'Professional skill' are differnt. 8. 'Educational background', 'Size of school' and 'Level of school' are significantly affected to 'Salary system', this three varialbles explained 13.8% of the total. We can express job -satisfaction of 'Salary system' ; y=2.677-$.182X_6$(Education)+$.120X_5$(Size of school)+$.019X_4$(Level of school) 9. 'Age group', 'Working period' and 'Size of school' are affected to 'Cooperation of school physician', and three variables explain 13.2% of total. We can express job-satisfaction of 'Cooperation of school physician' ; y=2.644+$.247X_1$(Age)+$.179X_2$(Working period)-$.133X_5$(Size of school) 10. 'Working period', 'Education of teacher', and 'Working area' are affected professional skill, this three variables explain 13.5% of job-satisfaction of professional skill. We can express 'Professional skill' ; y=3.076+$.11X_2$(Working period)-$1.06X_6$(Education)-$.126X_3$(Working area). 11. 'Education', 'Age', 'Size of school' and 'Working period' are affected to total job-satisfaction, this four variables explain 14.2% of total satisfaction. We can express job-satisfaction of school health teacher; y=19.76-$.126X_6$(Education)+$.215X_1$(Age)+$.107X_5$(Size of school)+$.121X_2$(Working period).

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2013

Clothes show not just the different social status of people, but the ideology and value of former society through pattern, colour, materials, shapes, etc. The purpose of this article is to fill the academic blank of this part by researching the pattern of fabric design in Jing Pai(Beiing style) and Hai Pai(Shanghai style) cheong-sam during the period of the Republic of China. The contrastive analysis of regional pattern between Jing Pai and Hai Pai cheong-sam expect to provide the theoretical basis for the former fashion designers and scholars. There are three approaches in the article: Data collection method, comparison method and Combining theory with practice method as film. Regarding components of pattern, both Jing Pai and Hai Pai cheong-sam have mostly single or composite pattern like plants. Further the most of Jing Pai cheong-sam pattern is traditional flower pattern. But Haipai cheong-sam patterns have some western flower pattern. Beside that, it have some geometry pattern. Regarding arrangement of the pattern, both cheong-sams have scattered dot style, the border style, and pictures style. But continuous type of Jing Pai cheong-sam is less while Hai Pai cheong-sam is the most. Comparing Jing Pai cheong-sam color of patterns in "Moment in Peking" is unadorned and types are simple as chinese traditional clothes; However, "In the Mood for Love" introduces us various material colors, new types of patterns and extraneous characteristic geometry patterns of Hai Pai cheong-sam. Generally speaking, the main characteristic of Jing Pai cheong-sam is traditional and conservatism. It keeps Chinese traditional pattern and culture to the most extent. However, Hai Pai cheong-sam are confluent and open with absorbed external culture and techniques which are endowed new artistic color.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.90-104
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• 2000

Background : This study was designed to assess the effects of information on the satisfaction of parents and families whose children underwent elective surgery in the Pediatric Operating Room. Methods : We measured parent and family satisfaction with information given before and after offering informational interventions. The data were collected from 510 patients parents and families whose children had undergone elective surgery in the Pediatric Operating Room of Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul. South Korea. The data collection ran from May 3. 1999 to May 30. 1999 and from September 6, 1999 to September 30, 1999. The research instrument consisted of four categories (pre-operative period, intra-operative period, post-operative period, others) and 24 questionnaires. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results : The major findings of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Before surgery, the satisfaction with the following was increased: the explanations of the necessary preparation for the surgery (6.0%), the time the patient would enter the operating room (20.6%), the operative procedure (2.0%), and the use of the waiting room (10.0%). 2. During the operation, the satisfaction with the situation board (15.1%), public announcements in the waiting room (8.4%), and the answering of the families questions (12.2%) was increased. however, the satisfaction with the surgeons explanations of the surgical outcomes decreased by 8.3%, even though the frequency of these explanations increased by 5%. 3. After surgery, the satisfaction with the following was increased: the explanations of patient's status of recovery(10.3%) the time the patient would be moved from the recovery room (17.6%), how the patient would be transferred to the ward (19.2%), and post-operative care (6.3%). Conclusion : Based upon the above findings, we concluded that pre-, intra-, and post-operative informational interventions were effective in increasing the satisfaction of the parents and families of children undergoing elective surgery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of fermented spent coffee ground (FSCG) on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Methods: Fermentation of spent coffee ground (SCG) was conducted using Lactobacillus plantrum. Fermentation was performed at moisture content of 70% and temperature of $39^{\circ}C$ with anaerobic air tension for 48 h. Four adult rams (initial body weight = $56.8{\pm}0.4kg$) were housed in a respiration-metabolism chamber and the treatments were: i) control (Basal diet; 0% SCG or FSCG), ii) 10% level of SCG, iii) 10% level of FSCG, and iv) 20% level of FSCG in $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each dietary experiment period lasted for 18-d with a 14-d of adaptation period and a 4-d of sample collection period. Results: In SCG fermentation experimental result, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration of FSCG (64.5% of total N) was lower than that of non-fermented SCG (78.8% of total N). Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was similar among treatment groups. Although crude protein (CP) digestibility of the control was greater than FSCG groups (p<0.05), the 10% FSCG group showed greater CP digestibility and nitrogen retention than non-fermented 10% SCG group (p<0.05). Body weight gain and average daily gain were linearly decreased with increasing FSCG feeding level (p<0.05). When the feeding level of FSCG was increased, water intake was linearly increased (p<0.05). With an increasing FSCG level, dry matter intake did not differ among groups, although the gain to feed ratio tended to decrease with increasing level of FSCG (p<0.10). Conclusion: Microbial fermentation of SCG can improve protein digestibility, thereby increasing CP digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Fermentation using microorganisms in feed ingredients with low digestibility could have a positive effect on improving the quality of raw feed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.510-518
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• 1998

It was assumed that the maternal identity in primi-gravida is one of the most attribute of the motherhood, that is not biological but cognitive phenomena, appears active process as intelligent human being. The purposes of this study were that the identification the cognitive structure and the influencing factors of the maternal identity in primi-gravida. Theoretical framework in this study, maternal identity in primi-gravida was constructed as a cognitive output, has the cognitive structure of cognitive-perceptual factor, cognitive-behavioral factor, and cognitive-emotional factor. Influencing factors of maternal identity was constructed as a cognitive input, which were pregnancy related perceptions (pregnancy intention, minor discomfort, value of motherhood), interpersonal relationship(relationship with mother, relationship with husband, relationship with social network), preparation to motherhood(maternal knowledge, antenatal self care), and biological factor (gestation period). This study was the descriptive correlational research design, was done from the 3rd January to the 15th March 1996, and the research subjects were selected conviniently 226 the primi-gravida during the gestation period, data collection method was self reported questionnaire cross-sectionally. Descriptive data analysis was done by SAS PC$^{+}$, testing the hypothetical model was done by covariance structural analysis using LISREL 8.03 program. The result of the hypothesis testing, the value of motherhood(y=.650, T=4.26) the maternal knowledge (y=.137, T=2.030), the gestation period( y=.113, T=2.621), showed significant causal effect on the maternal identity in primi-gravida. In conclusion, the maternal identity in primi-gravida had interrelated cognitive structure consist of perceptual, behavioral, and emotional factors. Significant causal factors influencing the maternal identity were value identified. It seems to contribute toward the understanding the characteristics of the maternal identity as a cognitive domains that has been regarded highly abstract concept, so has not been validated empirically.y.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2011

Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth for achieving the country's GHG emission reduction goal of 30% was in effect. The remarkable content of the Act is the managements of targets for GHG reduction. So, the entities that have reduced voluntarily have much interest in the recognition of 'early action'. The recognition of early action is necessary to induce the fair competence of business entities and promote the voluntary GHG reduction. The definite and concrete guidance should be prepared. The important principles for this are the environmental integrity and the additionality. Based on this, the early action activities must be restricted to the voluntary, real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable reduction. In the early action recognition, its credit should be allocated additionally set aside from the GHG target allocation in the national total allowance. Through this, the reward for the early reduction should be realized on market mechanism. The effective period to award the early action should be addressed. This can be the period after the enactment of framework on GHG reduction in effect and before the beginning year of GHG target control. It should be set with flexibility through the collection and consultation of the sector's opinions. The appropriate allowance reserve of early action was estimated as approximately 1~1.5% by using the data from the 'Pilot GHG Emission Trading Program' operated by Ministry of Environment. Also, the concrete and detail guidance to construct the necessary infra which is used to register the related information of early action activities should be prepared.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5741-5747
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• 2015

Purpose: To understand the epidemiology of different upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract related abnormalities through endoscopic data analysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of three years from January 2009 to December 2011 was conducted with data from endoscopic surveillance of upper GI tract problems, collected from the Gastroenterology Unit, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad. MS excel and Medcalc software (comparison of proportions) were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10,029 (6,468 in males and 3,561 in females) endoscopies were performed during this three-year period. The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Overall, ~30% of endoscopies evaluated showed patients with acid peptic disorders, 13.6% with vascular-related abnormalities, 10.6% showed structural abnormalities, followed by 6.3% with malignancies. Burden of malignancies was mostly observed in the older age group (60-69 years). Esophageal cancer cases decreased (p=0.0001) whereas stomach cancers increased over this period (p=0.0345). We also observed an increased incidence of acid peptic disease (APD) (p=0.0036) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (p=0.0002) cases during this period. Conclusions: Endoscopic diagnosis is useful for early detection of UGI anomalies and helpful for physicians to manage and treat varied kinds of UGI disorders. Analysis of data revealed changing trends in the incidence of various pathologies of the UGI tract. Functional dyspepsia and GERD definitely reduce the quality of life of the individual. The role of our diverse dietary habits and lifestyle associated with these problems have not yet been established, though there have been reports on the effect of coffee, spicy food, wheat-based diet, screening of UGI pathologies along with collection of complete personal and medical history details, can h elp in correlating the patients' condition with various aspects of lifestyle and diet.