• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.962-970
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ruminal infusion of garlic oil (GO) on fermentation dynamics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and abundance of bacteria involved in biohydrogenation in the rumen. Six wethers fitted with ruminal fistula were assigned to two groups for cross-over design with a 14-d interval. Each 30-d experimental period consisted of a 27-d adaptation and a 3-d sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without (control) or with GO ruminal infusion (0.8 g/d). Ruminal contents collected before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after morning feeding were used for fermentation analysis, and 0 h samples were further used for FA determination and DNA extraction. Garlic oil had no influence on dry matter intakes of concentrate and hay. During ruminal fermentation, GO had no effects on total VFA concentration and individual VFA molar proportions, whereas GO increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein (p<0.05). Compared with control, GO group took a longer time for total VFA concentration and propionate molar proportion to reach their respective maxima after morning feeding. The ratio of acetate to propionate in control reduced sharply after morning feeding, whereas it remained relatively stable in GO group. Fatty acid analysis showed that GO reduced saturated FA proportion (p<0.05), while increasing the proportions of C18, t11-18:1 (TVA), c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA), t10,c12-CLA, and polyunsaturated FA (p<0.05). The values of TVA/(c9,t11-CLA+TVA) and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) were reduced by GO (p<0.05). Real-time PCR showed that GO tended to reduce Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus abundance (p = 0.058), whereas GO had no effect on total abundance of the Butyrivibrio group bacteria. A low correlation was found between B. proteoclasticus abundance and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) (p = 0.910). The changes of fermentation over time suggested a role of GO in delaying the fermentation process and maintaining a relatively modest change of ruminal environment. The inhibitory effects of GO on the final step of biohydrogenation may be related to its antibacterial activity against B. proteoclasticus and other unknown bacteria involved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.562-568
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• 2017

Objective: The hull attached to the barley kernel can be mechanically removed thus reducing the fiber content of the barley. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial dehulling on the nutrient digestibility as well as the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of barley in pigs. Methods: Two hulled barley samples (high fiber barley [HF] and low fiber barley [LF]) with either high or low fiber contents were obtained from the Hubei and Jiangsu Provinces of China. A portion of the two barleys was mechanically dehulled (dehulled high fiber barley [DHF] and dehulled low fiber barley [DLF]). Thirty barrows (initial $BW=31.5{\pm}3.2kg$) were assigned to one of five diets in a randomized complete block design. The five diets consisted of 96.9% corn, HF, LF, DHF, or DLF supplemented with 3.1% minerals and vitamins. Each diet was fed to six barrows housed in individual metabolism crates for a 10-d acclimation period followed by a 5-day total but separate collection of feces and urine. Results: The daily loss of gross energy (GE) in feces was lower (p<0.01) for pigs fed DHF than for those fed HF. The daily N intake and fecal N loss were lowest (p<0.01) for pigs fed the corn diet. The DE and ME as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, GE, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of DHF or DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in HF and LF, respectively while the values except the ATTD of NDF and ADF in DLF were higher (p<0.01) than the values in DHF and were comparable to corn. Conclusion: The DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of nutrients in both DHF and DLF barley were improved compared with the HF and LF barley. Moreover, the nutritive value of DLF barley was comparable to the yellow-dent corn used in the study.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 2008

The acupuncture and moxibustion documentary characteristics of "Chimgujasaenggyeong" can be summarized into 6 parts such as the follwing 1. "Chimgujasaenggyeong" was written at about 1180-1195 during the Southern Song period. It contains 7 volumes in all. The acupuncture points and their variations in volume 1 were all directly recorded from Wang-yuil(王維一)'s "Dong-insuhyeolchimgudogyeong(銅人腧穴鍼灸圖經)" and 11 points were added from volumes 99 and 100 of "Taepyeongseonghyebang(太平聖惠方)", bringing the total to 365 points, which was different from the 360 that the people knew. Volume 2 is the actual collection of theses on acupuncture and moxibustion by Wangjipjung(王執中) and shows his unique views on the basic problems of acupuncture and moxibustion such as selection of points[取穴], application of moxas[施灸], aftercare of moxibustion[灸後護理] and acupuncture and moxibustion contraindications[鍼灸禁忌]. Volumes 3${\sim}$7 mostly divide the indications(主治) from "Dong-insuhyeolchimgudogyeong", "Taepyeongseonghyebang", "Cheon-geumyobang(千金要方)" by disease into chapters. 2. Of the remaining editions the 'Cheonryeok Guanggeunseodang Inbon(天曆 廣勤書堂 印本)' of the Won dynasty is the first, and the Jeongtong(正統) new edition is a reprint based on the Cheonryeok(天曆) edition, and the Jeongtong edition reprinted in the 9th year of Guanmun(寬文) of Japan has many missing and wrong characters compared to the original copy. 3. The big letters[大字] under the line in the current editions are all postscripts[按語] of Wangjipjung and the 5 verses quoted from other books that do not have their origin listed and have the qualities of rules for treatment in the first chapter of volume 3 'Heoson(虛損)' were put together by Wang. 4. In the annotations in small print of the current edition of "Jasaenggyeong" there are Wisegeol(衛世傑)'s added annotations in addition to Wangjipjung's original ones. 5. Some of the many medical books quoted by the "Jasaenggyeong" that are from before the Song dynasty have been lost completely and only can be seen here in this important text. 6. The quotations said to be from 'Myeongdanggyeong(明堂經)'(or 'Myeongdang(明堂)', 'Myeong(明)') in "Jasaenggyeong" are directly from volume 77 'Chimgyeong(鍼經)' and volume 100 'Myeongdang' of "Taepyeongseonghyebang" and not another book. The quotes from 'Myeongdang' in accupuncture and moxibustion books after the Song dynasty were directly or indirectly copied from "Jasaenggyeong".

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.410-419
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• 2016

This study examined the satisfaction difference in the aspects of awareness, information quality, and availability in healthcare applications according to smartphone user's characteristics. Data collection was conducted between September 17th and September 21st 2014 on the 193 people who had used healthcare applications, and the data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS WIN 20.0. Differences in satisfaction of healthcare application were observed according to the general characteristics, and according to age, education level, and income, as well as for healthcare application use characteristics, according to operation system, total use period, the number of installed healthcare applications, the sources of main information, use frequency, and reasons of no use. To establish strategies for the effective spread of mobile healthcare and development and distribution of healthcare applications, it will be necessary to confirm smartphone users' characteristics and it is important to reflect them in the strategies. In addition, it is necessary to develop and implement a range of strategies to ceaselessly induce the users' motives of use and to improve their degree of satisfaction to secure the constant use of developed health care applications.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.273-280
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the medial amygdaloid nucleus on the pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma secretin concentration in 44 male albino rats. Twenty-three rats in which the medial amygdaloid nucleus was damaged bilaterally by radio frequency a.c. through stereotaxically inserted electrodes (medical amygdaloid group, MA) and twenty-one rats which received the same operation without damage (operated control, OC), were prepared. Under urethan anesthesia, 0.01 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) or physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) was infused at a rate of 0.18 ml/min into the duodenum for 20 minutes. Pancreatic jucie was collected for the 20 min infusion period. After collection of pancreatic juice, blood was sampled from the abdominal aorta for the radioimmunoassay of plasma secretin concentration. In the MA group, the exocrine pancreatic secretory response to 0.01 N HCI as well as saline infusion was significantly inhibited compared with that in the OC group. The pancreatic protein output of the MA group significantly decreased after the saline infusion and tended to decrease after the 0.01 N HCI infusion, compared with that of the OC group. However, there was no significant difference in plasma secretin concentration between the two groups. Therefore it is strongly suggested that the rat medial amygdaloid nucleus has a facilitatory influence on both basal and acid-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion, but the releasing mechanism of secretin appears not to be involved in the influence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1977

Personalized Patient centered nursing care is increasingly difficult to achieve despite the fact that it remains one of our consistent goals. So, we must find away to individualized nursing care. One means, to achieve this is by use of the nursing history form, which has been developed to help the nurse make maximum use of her limited time with the patient, by obtaining systematically the information needed to plan his nursing care. The nursing history form can be used to collect data about individual nursing needs but also it lends itself to the collection of epidemiological data relevant to the needs of patient population. So this study was undertaken in an attempt to describe the general characteristics of the population studied, to find out their perceptions and expectations related to their illness and hospitalization, to find out specific basic needs and to examine the relationship between the patients nursing needs and demographic characteristics through the responses to the nursing history questions. The study population defined and selected was all the patients (70) who were admitted to Yonsei University Hospital from October 1 - 15, 1975. The direct interview method was used and the data were categorized by the investigator, according to the nature of responses to each question and were subjected to the percentile and the chi- square tests. The findings can be summarized as follows 11. General characteristics of the study population ; The population was made up mainly of urban patients who were highly educated. The age was equally distributed. 2. Patients, perceptions and expectations related to illness and hospitalization ; 88.6% of the patients knew about the reason for hospitalization but 64. 5% could state symptoms only. 37.5% recognized the cause of illness. Approximately three fourth of the patients expressed on expectation for early recovery. 60.0% of the patient responses indicated, that they expected less than 10 days of hospitalization. Of the total responses regarding hospitalization, 45.7% were negative about the post -hospitalization expectation, 45.7% expected to return to work. As a result of these findings, we can see that there is a great educational need, a psychological need and environmental need for adaptation to the hospital and a socio- economic need for the post - hospitalization period. 3. Specific basic needs : The physical needs include the problem of getting sufficient sleep (50.0%), difficulty in food intake(47.1%), problems with hospital diet (47.0%), abnormal condition of the skin(44.3%), problems with bowel elimination(35.7%), assistance with bathing(35.7%), pain(30.0%), difficulty in walking(30.0%) , difficulty in seeing(30.0%) problems in urinary elimination(20.0%) , and difficulty in hearing(10.0%), 4. Nursing needs and epidemiological characteristics ; Age distribution was related to the rendition of the mouth but no significant differences were observed statistically with the patients responses to the other nursing history questions according to the epidemiological variables of age, sex, education and residence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-116
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to describe mother -infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breast feed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individuaily at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid -wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city, The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were taperecorded and then recorded in narrative form. Mother - infant interaction behaviors in early feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother -infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother - infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother - infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother - infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi -square test, there were statistically significant relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities. Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series. On the other hand, it was seen that infant reacted independently to his mother's behavior by the in-nate perceptual abilities. Those independent behavioral series of mother and infant on the feeding situation were synchronized at any moment. Nurses are In a unique position to teach mothers about their infant's capabilities and help reducing some of uncertainty about infant's behaviors. Study results indicated that the informations infant's social capabilities and breast feeding should be given to the mothers. The results of this study have several implications for nursing. First, the study results will be used as fundamental resources for the development of the assessment tool about the early mother - infant interaction. Second, the results could be a relevant information in the fied. I of maternal child nursing education as real and useful data. Third, the behavioral patterns of early mother - infant interaction which were classified based on the qualitative analysis could be used for nursing theory development as very fundamental data.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.25-47
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• 2010

Over the past 20 years new and small firms have been identified as significant components of economic strategies for job and wealth creation. Implicit in these strategies has been the search for policies which will increase the supply of new firms, and will encourage established firms' growth. Yet the majority firms spend the whole of their economic life within the small firm sector. The aim of this paper is to suggest a multidimensional approach to the understanding of the comparative characteristics of the small firm by providing evidence as to the factors which describe firms of different sizes, regions and industries. And I discuss in the context of policy options for regional economic development in Korea. The results from the analyses are summarized as follows. The size of the small firms in the sample measured in terms of both number of employees and sales revenue are characterized by regions, export performance and R&D. There is also some indication that growing firms may develop more complex environment. These results are based upon a multi-dimensional analysis of the strategic profile of a sample of small firms using KIS. From this observation of the firms during the data collection period, this is a conclusion that I find intuitively appealing.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.285-291
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• 2015

FTMS, TCS, ITS equipment such as high-pass highway are just a situation that does not lack traceability and passive surveillance is related to fault DB has so far consisted of an integrated operations management to maximize utilization of the facility. In addition, there is no replacement parts are replaced when a failure occurs, increasing the number of parts and repair time I have trouble growing, and becoming a service interruption whenever you replace each time. In this study, proactively manage the failure history of a highway facility ITS tries to preventive maintenance. Therefore, the error history is based on the reliability of the high-pass facilities theory to calculate the reliability of the system through a systematic statistical analysis Operational Availability. The fault number and the time the replacement period through the estimate decreases and can reduce the budget expenses by securing the spare parts quantity, establish a management plan in part by improving the quality of the system through constant preventive maintenance, quality of service at all times It may direct the non-stop operation state of the available state.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-37
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• 1974

Through the examination of hospitalized patient's records, this study purports to determine. the extent to which nursing record behaviors meet general expectations held for nursing records and the differences in nursing record behavior in relation to different nursing categories, period of recording and hospitals with different management patterns. Nursing record behaviors of 802 patient's records in four hospitals in Seoul were examined. by use of a check list, which was prepared by the author as an instrument for the study. Data obtained from this examination were processed into percentage values for percentage. test and chi-square test in order to determine their significance. Results are as follows; 1. Records pertaining to treatment ranked highest among all care categories in their extent of coverage, averaging 65.6 percent. 2. Of the treatment category records, records of medication led others at 94.3 percent. followed by records of test and collection of specimens at 59.9 percent. diet at 58.8 percent and treatment at 41.0 percent. 3. Records in the category of physical assessment and care averaged 44.1 percent, the second highest next to treatment category records, 4. Of the records in the category of physical assessment and care, records in vital signs. placed first at 98.9 percent, followed by sleep at 76.2 percent, body weight at 74.7 percent, symptoms and signs at 69.3 percent, rest at 44.5 percent, hygiene at 39.7 percent, activities and participation at 16.9 percent, positions at 10.3 percent, level of consciousness at 9.8 percent and physiological dysfunction at 1.1 percent in that order. 5. Records in the category of psychological assessment and care averaged 3.2 percent, the lowest of the -three major categories. 6. Of the records in the category of psychological assessment and care, records on emotional responses ranked top at 10.5 percent, followed by self-concern at 2.1 percent, adjustment at 2.0 percent, family, occupational and social relations at 0.7 percent and preferences. and interest at 0.5 percent in that order. 7. Records in relation to the category of specific conditions were found in 9.1 percent of the total records. 8. Of the records in the category of specific conditions, consultation and transfer records, stood first at 25.0 percent, followed by precautionary measurements at 1.4 percent and isolation at 0.9 percent 9. A great difference in nursing record behavior was observed between the first week of hospitalization and the last week, with the first week's recordings much higher than the last week in the categories of treatment and specific conditions (p<0.01). and of physical assessment and care (p <0.05). 10. A big difference was also observed among the hospitals (p<0.01). 11. A big difference was also observed between the government-run hospitals and the private hospitals in the categories of physical assessment and care and specific conditions in the first week of hospitalization (P<0.05l), and in the category of psychological assessment and care in the last week (P<0.05). 12. Between the hospitals established with foreign aid and the other hospitals, the difference in nursing record behavior was significant only in the category of physical assessment and care both in the first week and the last week (P<0.01). 13. The average nursing record behavior in all care categories stood at 45.1 percent in the extent of its coverage in relation to the general expectations.