• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.67-81
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• 1996

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of high voltage pulsed galvanic current for the healing of wounds in rabbits. Skin wounds were created laterally on the flank of 12 domestic rabbits($3{\times}3cm$). The wounds of each group were treated with an intensity of 170 V at a frequency of 70 pulses per second, which was applied for 30 minutes a day for 10 days. The experimental groups were randomly assigned to either EXP I (n=3), EXP II(n=3), EXP III(n=3) or control(n=3). Each group was stimulated under the following conditions : 1) EXP I (Negative polarity), 2) EXP II (Change in polarity, negative electrode stimulation during the first 3 days and then positive electrode stimulation from 4 to 10 days), 3) EXP III(Positive polarity), 4) control(No stimulation). An active electrode was placed over the wound and a dispersive electrode on the buttock. The rate of wound closure was compared with the original wound size, evaluated by a tracing film in each measurement period. Finally, on the wound in each group, skin tissue was excised for histological evaluation after treatment for 10 days. The results obtained are as follows : 1) It was found that the control group did not show a complete remodeling of epitherial layer and had a chronic inflammatory response. Judging from the irregularity of intercellular space and the loose alignment of connective tissue, these findings show that wound healing was delayed. 2) EXP I showed a significant bactericidal effect, but a moderate response of vasodilation. The rate of wound closure was slower when compared with EXP II, III. 3) EXP II showed a complete remodeling of epitherial layer and a positive repair of connective tissue. Its rate of wound closure was best when compared with the others. 4) EXP III had a slower rate of wound closure than EXP II, but judging from the greater proliferation of collagen fibers and the dense alignment of connective tissue, this positive electrode was very effective in the formation of neo - connective tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2010

To evaluate the skin aging inhibition effect of fermented Reynoutria elliptica, skin aging model was produced by the irradiation of UVB to hairless mice for 5 weeks. The skin erythema index for the positive control (PC), not fermented Reynoutria elliptica extract (NFR), and fermented Reynoutria elliptica extract (FR-500, 1000, 2000) groups were lower than that of the control group. However, both lipid and water capacity for the PC and FR groups were higher than those of the control group. Collagen fibers in dermis of the FR groups were almost intact with a regular arrangement which were similar to the normal (NO) group. Also, relatively much less number of mast cells and inflammatory cells were found in FR groups. The skin TBARS contents and XO activity in the FR group were significantly lower than the control group. The activities of GSH, SOD and CAT for the FR groups were significant higher than the control group. Therefore, fermented Reynoutria elliptica extract can be practically useful for the prevention or improvement of skin aging in terms of health promotion and beauty for the people.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of the combination with Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Gastrodia Rhizoma (Gastrodia elata Blume) and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg) on metabolic disorders including cholesterol and erectile dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods : Animals were divided into six groups; Control with normal diet, high fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD), fluvastatin, Korean Red Ginseng treated (KRG), and the combination treated (Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori Radix; 1:1:1 for KGP1 and 2:1:1 for KGP2). The experimental groups initially received HFCD for 10 weeks and then treated orally with fluvastatin, KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 during the final 6 weeks. Erectile function was determined by the measurements of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and maximal arterial pressure (MAP) after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.Results : KGP2 decreased the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the sera of HFCD rats without no changes of body weights. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 decreased the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels except of fluvastatin, synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 significantly increased the ICP, ICP/MAP ratio, area under the curve (AUC) compared with those of normal rat. Morphometric analyses showed that KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 increased the volume of smooth muscle and the regular arrangement of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of HFCD rats. The penile expression of eNOS was increased by KRG, KGP1 and KGP2.Conclusions : Based on these results, we suggest that the combination with Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori may improve hyperlipidemia through regulating the lipid profiles and erectile dysfunction in rats.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2007

The fine structures and histochemical features on the integumentary system of the grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles were examined by means of the light and transmission electron microscopy. Integumentary surface of the grass puffer showed irregular folds in light microscope. The folds of the ventral region are more pronounced than those in the dorsal region. Integumentary system is composed of outer epidermal layer and inner dermal layer. The stratified epidermal layer consists of epithelia, mucous cells, club cells, granular cells and multivacuolar gland. Epithelial cells are classified into superficial, intermediated and basal cell, and free surface of superficial cell is covered with microridges. Glands of the epidermal layer are divided into unicellular and multicellular gland. Mucous cells of multicellular gland contains mucosal materials of neutral glycoprotein. Multivacuolar gland is composed of numerous vacuole cells of about $20{\mu}m$ in axial diameter. Vacuole cells contains a large central vacuole and are connected to another by many desmosomes. The mucous glands and multivacuolar glands are more abundant in ventral region than dorsal integument. The thickness of dermis is more three to five times than epidermis in ventral integument. The collagen fibers, fibrocytes, nerve cells, basal plate of spine and chromatophore are observed in the dermal layer of compact connective tissue.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.385-396
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• 2006

For the regeneration of periodontal tissues, the microenvironment for new attachment of connective tissue fibers should be provided, At this point of view, cementum formation in root surface plays a key role for this new attachment. This study was performed to figure out which factor promotes differentiation of cementoblast Considering anatomical structure of tooth, we selected the cells which may affect the differentiation of cementoblast - Ameloblast, OD11&MDPC23 for odontoblasts, NIH3T3 for fibroblsts and MG63 for osteoblasts. And OCCM30 was selected for cementoblast cell line. Then, the cell lines were cultured respectively and transferred the conditioned media to OCCM30. To evaluate the result, Alizarin red S stain was proceeded for evaluation of mineralization. The subjected mRNA genes are bone sialoprotein(BSP), alkaline phosphate(ALP) , osteocalcin(OC), type I collagen(Col I), osteonectin(SPARC ; secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine). Expression of the gene were analysed by RT-PCR, The results were as follows: 1. For alizarin red S staining, control OCCM30 didn't show any mineralized red nodules until 14 days. But red nodules started to appear from about 4 days in MDPC-OCCM30 & OD11-OCCM30. 2. For results of RT-PCR, ESP mRNAs of control-OCCM30 and others were expressed from 14 days, but in MDPC23-OCCM30 & OD11-OCCM30 from 4 days. Like this, the gene expression of MDPC23-OCCM30 & OD11-OCCM30 were detected much earlier than others. 3. For confirmation of odontoblast effect on cementoblast, conditioned media of osteoblasts(MG63) which is mineralized by producing matrix vesicles didn't affect on the mineralized nodule formation of cementoblasts(OCCM30). This suggest the possibility that cementoblast mineralization is regulated by specific factor in dentin matrix protein rather than matrix vesicles. Therefore, we proved that the dentin/odontoblast promotes differentiation/mineralization of cementoblasts. This new approach might hole promise as diverse possibilities for the regeneration of tissues after periodontal disease.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.269-281
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• 2017

Background: Small particles increase airway inflammation upon reaching the alveoli. Here, we investigated the protective or therapeutic effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP_R) extracts on airway inflammation. Methods and Results: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of SP_R extracts, we measured their inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression of inflammatory mediators, and immune cell infiltration in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells and in the ambient particulate matter (APM)-exposed airway inflammation mice model. The SP_R extracts inhibited the production of ROS and expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A mRNA in APM-stimulated MH-S cells. Oral administration of SP_R extracts suppressed APM-induced inflammatory symptoms, such as high alveolar wall thickness, excess collagen fibers, decreased mRNA expression of chemokines (Ccr9, Ccl5, Ccr3), inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-4 Th2 cytokine in the lung. The SP_R extracts also inhibited ROS production, granulocyte ($CD11b^+Gr-1^+$) infiltration, IL-17A, TNF-${\alpha}$, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip-2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl-1) production in the airway. The specific compounds in the SR-R extracts that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Conclusions: In this study, SP_R extracts effectively inhibited airway inflammatory responses, such as ROS production and granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2019

This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) extract for atopic dermatitis through maintaining skin barrier and regulating Th2 cell differentiation. We divided NC/Nga mice into 3 groups as follows; atopy-like dermatitis induced group with CR treatment (CT, n=10), no treatment group(Ctrl), atopy-like dermatitis elicited group(AE). Atopy-like dermatitis was induced to NC/Nga mice by sensitizing with dermatophagoides farinae(DfE) on 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13th week. After inducing atopic dermatitis, CR extract was administered 20 mg/kg daily for the experimental duration to the CT group. We measured the integrity of lipid layers in the epidermis and Th2 differentiation through immunohistochemical staining against filaggrin, loricrin, IL-4, and IL-13. We also measured the distribution of subcutaneous collagen fibers by the Masson's trichrome staining. Administration of CR significantly inhibited the reduction of lipid layers in the skin that caused atopy. The expression of IL-4, IL-13, each of which is a cytokine secreted by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, was markedly suppressed in the CT group as compared with AE group (p<0.05). CR treatment also decreased the expression of iNOS, $p-I{\kappa}B$. Atopic dermatitis induced dermatological damage to skin, such as hyperplasia of epithelium, and capillary proliferation was significantly reduced by CR administration. CR effectively inhibited the thinning of the skin barrier and inflammatory responses in atopic dermatitis-induced mice. In particular, it showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of IL-4 and IL-13, Th2 cell cytokines, which play a crucial role in development of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, CR can be a good candidate to ameliorate and treat atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2019

In recent times, the number of men with late-onset hypogonadism has increased, and interest on this topic has also increased. This study was conducted to investigate effects of the mixture extract of Fructus amomi Amari, Eucommiae cortex, Bombyx batryticatus on improve late-onset hypogonadism. The experimental subjects consisted of three groups: a control group consisting of 8-week-old male ICR mice that had undergone no treatment, an aging-elicited group (AE group) consisting of 50-week-old ICR male mice that had undergone no treatment, and a Mixed herbal extract treatment group (MT group) consisting of 50-week-old ICR male mice that had undergone the mixture extract of Fructus amomi Amari, Eucommiae cortex, Bombyx batryticatus treatment (0.1 g/kg/day) for 6 months. After the experiment, the mice from all the experimental groups were dissected, and they were analyzed through histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. The mixture extract of Fructus amomi Amari, Eucommiae cortex, Bombyx batryticatus reduces aging-induced cell damage and oxidative stress and increases the secretion of serotonin and B-endorphin in aged mice, and promotes spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules and reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress, and increases androgen receptor, $17{\beta}-HSD$ and GnRH, increases the ratio of smooth muscle to collagen fibers in the corpus cavernosum, increases eNOS, decreases PDE-5 and oxidative stress in aged mice, so it improves depression, reproductive, sexual problems caused by Late-onset hypogonadism. the mixture extract of Fructus amomi Amari, Eucommiae cortex, Bombyx batryticatus inhibits the induction of osteoporosis by increasing decreased bone matrix distribution due to aging, increasing the activities of OPC and OPN, which are produced in osteoblasts, and decreasing RANKL, MMP-3 activity, increasing OPG activity. It also reduces muscle damage, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis of muscle tissue, and increases Myo-D in the sartorius muscle of aged mice for improving muscle atrophy caused by by Late-onset hypogonadism.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2023

Background: Air pollution has led to an increased exposure of all living organisms to fine dust. Therefore, research efforts are being made to devise preventive and therapeutic remedies against fine dust-induced chronic diseases. Methods: Research of the respiratory protective effects of KRG extract in a particulate matter (PM; aerodynamic diameter of <4 ㎛) plus diesel exhaust particle (DEP) (PM4+D)-induced airway inflammation model. Nitric oxide production, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and IRAK-1, TAK-1, and MAPK pathways were examined in PM4-stimulated MH-S cells. BALB/c mice exposed to PM4+D mixture by intranasal tracheal injection three times a day for 12 days at 3 day intervals and KRGE were administered orally for 12 days. Histological of lung and trachea, and immune cell subtype analyses were performed. Expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung were measured. Immunohistofluorescence staining for IRAK-1 localization in lung were also evaluated. Results: KRGE inhibited the production of nitric oxide, the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and expression and phosphorylation of all downstream factors of NF-κB, including IRAK-1 and MAPK/AP1 pathway in PM4-stimulated MH-S cells. KRGE suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration and number of immune cells, histopathologic damage, and inflammatory symptoms in the BALF and lungs induced by PM4+D; these included increased alveolar wall thickness, accumulation of collagen fibers, and TNF-α, MIP2, CXCL-1, IL-1α, and IL-17 cytokine release. Moreover, PM4 participates induce alveolar macrophage death and interleukin-1α release by associating with IRAK-1 localization was also potently inhibited by KRGE in the lungs of PM4+D-induced airway inflammation model. KRGE suppresses airway inflammatory responses, including granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines via inhibition of IRAK-1 and MAPK pathway. Conclusion: Our results indicate the potential of KRGE to serve as an effective therapeutic agent against airway inflammation and respiratory diseases.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2023

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of Samul-tang-ga-dansam water extract (SD) in wound-induced mice. Methods The mice were divided into five groups (n=7): the normal group, the control group, the positive control group, the low-dose SD group and the high-dose SD group. The normal group had no wounds and the other groups were wounded on the back with a leather punch. Distilled water was administered to the control group, 200 mg/kg of vitamin E was administered to the positive control group. In the low-dose SD group and the high-dose SD group, 1.23 g/kg and 2.47 g/kg of SD were administered, respectively. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protein levels were evaluated using western blot analysis. Skin tissue was analyzed by H&E, Masson's trichrome staining method. Results Oral administration of the SD significantly reduced the visible skin damage and decreased the reactive oxygen species and ONOO^- activity of the serum. It significantly increased heme oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase, catalase, GPx-1/2, Nrf2 and Keap-1 which are antioxidant-related factors in skin tissue and reduced NF-κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 which are inflammation-related factors. Also, SD significantly decreased NOX2, p22^phox and p47^phox and increased α-smooth muscle actin and COL1A1 protein expression in fibroblasts involved in connective tissue repair. According to histological examination, the thickened epithelial layer was thinned and collagen fibers were increased to accelerate wound healing. Conclusions It is suggested that Samul-tang-ga-dansam has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and promotes wound tissue repair.