• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2013

Double pipe system in which PB pipe is inserted in CD pipe buried in the concrete slab is widely used for cold and hot water supplies in apartment housings. The system, however becomes complicated and the overlaying pipes in the concrete slab weaken the compressive strength of the slab. Also, insufficient insulation increases energy loss. In this work, the problems of the double pipe system are studied and plans A, B, and C are suggested for improvement. In terms of compressive strength of the concrete slab, plan A(total pipe length 73 m) was the weakest and plan B(2 m) was the strongest. Energy loss of plan A was the largest with 558.9 W and plan B was the lowest with 220.7 W. However, considering the combined effect of strength and heat loss, plan C becomes the best choice, which retains the advantage of the double pipe system.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.588-597
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• 1999

Sokkuram grotto, a UNESCO cultural heritage in Kyongju Korea, was originally covered with crushed rocks over its dome with ventilating holes. The grotto was perfectly preserved for more than 12 centuries until the upper structure was replaced with a concrete dome in the early 20th century to protect from total collapse. Since then, heavy dew formed on the granite surface to seriously damage the sculptures until it was further remodeled with air-conditioning facilities in the 60s. It is considered that the original upper porous structure had a dehumidifying capability. This research is made to unveil the dehumidifying mechanism of the rock layer during the rainy season in that area. A rock layer and a concrete layer are tested in a temperature/humidity-controlled room. No dew formation is observed for the two specimen for continued sunny days or continued rainy days. However, heavy dew formed on the concrete surface for a sunny day after long rainy days. It is thought that the sun evaporates water on the ground and dew is formed at the surface as the highly humid air touches the yet cold concrete. On the contrary, no dew formation is observed for the rock layer at any time. Even in the above worst situation, air flows downward through the cool rock layer and moisture is removed before reaching inside. Temperature measurement, flow visualization, observation of dew formation and measurement of air velocity are made to verify the mechanisms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2006

A down construction method is frequently used in these days to reduce popular discontent and to assure sufficient working space at early stage in downtown area. There are two main problems in the existing down construction method. One is a confliction between frame works and excavation works, and the other is a cold joint in retaining wall which is unavoidable due to a sequence of concrete placement and induces a water leakage. Therefore, a new method is needed to overcome these problems. The CWS (buried wale Continuous Wall System) method was developed by authors. By replacing RC perimeter beam with embedded steel wale, the steel frame works of substructure can be simplified and the water leakage can be prevented using continuous retaining wall. Consequently, the improved duality and reduction of construction period can be obtained from CWS method.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.2 s.20
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• pp.81-89
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• 2006

A down construction method is frequently used in these days to reduce popular discontent and to assure sufficient working space at early stage in downtown area. There are two main problems in the existing down construction method. One is a confliction between frame works and excavation works, and the other is a cold joint in retaining wall which is unavoidable due to a sequence of concrete placement and induces a water leakage. Therefore, a new method is needed to overcome these problems. The CWS (buried wale Continuous Wall System) method was developed by authors. By replacing RC perimeter beam with embedded steel wale, the steel frame works of substructure can be simplified and the water leakage can be prevented using continuous retaining wall. Consequently, the improved qualify and reduction of construction period can be obtained from CWS method.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

Recently, there are many structures exposed to severe outdoor environments, which results in rapid degradation of durability of the concrete structures. there can be rapid deterioration of the concrete structures from early frost damage due to the insufficient curing in low outdoor temperature condition. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of thickness change conditions and binding material on early frost damage depth of the concrete exposed to cold weather in winter, and is to clearly assess damage depth of the concrete structure due to early frost damage. Specimens with 300x300x(150, 200, 250, 300mm) were prepared. OPC and OPC+FA+BS were adopted for binders. Test results indicate that the depth of the early frost damage was deeper with the decrease of thickness of members. The brightness of specimens were reduced when the member thickness was thinner. When determining the depth of early frost damage, it can be distinguished into dark color and relatively bright color when dried for approximately 30 minutes in the indoors of $20^{\circ}C$ in temperature and 60% in relative humidity after submerging in water for 24 hours. The dark colored part can be determined easily when measured with vernier calipers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.467-480
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• 2024

The mechanical properties and durability of concrete pavements may be degraded in extreme situations, resulting in the need for partial repair or total replacement. During the past few decades, there has been a growing body of research on substituting a portion of Portland cement with alternative cementitious materials for improving concrete properties. In this study, two different configurations of powdered and granulated blast furnace slag were implemented, replacing fine aggregates (by 12 wt.%) and Portland cement (by 0, 20, 40, and 60 wt.%) in the making of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) mixes. The specimens were fabricated to investigate the mechanical properties and durability specifications, involving freeze-thaw, salt-scaling, and water absorption resistance. The experimental results indicated that the optimum mechanical properties of RCC mixes could be achieved when 20-40 wt.% of powdered slag was added to concrete mixes containing slag aggregates. Accordingly, the increases in compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths were 45, 50, and 28%, in comparison to the control specimen at the age of 90 days. Also, incorporating 60 wt.% of powdered slag gave rise to the optimum mix plan in terms of freeze-thaw resistance such that a negligible strength degradation was experienced after 300 cycles. In addition, the optimal moisture content of the proposed RCC mixtures was measured to be in the range of 5 to 6.56%. Furthermore, the partial addition of granulated slag was found to be more advantageous than using entirely natural sand in the improvement of the mechanical and durability characteristics of all mixture plans.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4602-4609
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• 2013

In summer and winter, the difference between the temperature during the day and that during the night is high, which leads to various problems during concrete placement, such as cracks and defects in the concrete as well as low durability and strength. Although nuclear power plant concrete is widely used for placement in all seasons, particular attention must be paid to its quality during the summer. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of a cooling method for mixing water, which is a commonly used hot weather precooling method, and the use of a retarder, on the characteristics of Nuclear Power Plant concrete. In the cooling method for mixing water, cold water at 5 was used, with 50% of the water content consisting of ice flakes. The effects of using a retarder were evaluated by reviewing the characteristics of the cement at the unset stage and after hardening. To evaluate the characteristics of the unset cement, we measured the slump, air volumes, setting times, and pressure strengths after hardening. Furthermore, we measured the heat of hydration at different temperatures; the loss of heat was minimized using insulation. Both the slump time and the complete ageing time of the air volume were found to be 120 min at $20^{\circ}C$ and 40 min at $40^{\circ}C$. In the case when the cooling method for mixing water was used and in the case when a retarder was used, the initial and final sets by penetration resistance were delayed, and the delay decreased with increasing air temperature. For the heat of hydration, the cooling method for mixing water not only lowered the maximum temperature but also delayed its attainment. However, the use of a retarder had no effect on the maximum temperature. Moreover, in the early ages (e.g., 3 and 7 days), the pressure strength of the concrete was lower than that of plain cement. However, the strength of 28-day concrete met the standard construction specifications.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2017

The damage of the tunnel lining on the cold regions can be represented by cracks and leaks caused by freezing of ground water. However, domestically, the relevant construction guidelines are not provided so far. Thus, in this research, the mechanical behavior and thermal conductivity of designated tunnel area are measured using instrumentation system installed in the lining concrete inside tunnels in order to analysis their behavior with regard to temperature variations. Previous research mainly focused on the effect of temperature on the tunnel lining based on the air and initial ground temperature at urban regions. Thus, this study analyzes effects of air temperature and initial ground temperature of designated tunnel area at the cold regions. The temperature of the groundwater at the backfill of the tunnel lining are analyzed to evaluate the heating element. Numerical analyses are performed to evaluate the heating element with regard to the various initial ground temperatures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.175-176
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• 2015

Insulation in buildings are one of the crucial factors for energy reduction, and depending on the application areas and properties of the insulation requirements, various different types of insulation materials are being developed, produced, and used. Amongst these is the aircaps often used as packing materials. Because of their porous nature, they are highly efficient in preventing heat and are consequently used overseas often as insulation materials and as part of cold water concrete insulation curing method. This paper studies the recently developed usage of aircaps in waterproofing materials and evaluated their performance as supplementary insulation materials.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1177-1192
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to develop the existing drainage system for catching the partial leakage of tunnel structures operating in cold region. The drainage system consists of drainage board, Hotty-gel as a waterproofing material, cover for preventing protrusion of Hotty-gel, air nailer, fixed nail, pipe for collecting ground leak, pipe for conveying ground leak, wire-mesh, and sprayed cement mortar. The drainage systems were installed in conventional concrete lining tunnels to evaluate the site applicability and constructability. The performances of waterproof and the drainage in the drainage system were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of red water in the back of the drainage system at 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months and 8 months. During 8 months of field test, the average daily temperature of the tunnel site was measured from $-16.0^{\circ}C$ to $25.6^{\circ}C$. The daily minimum temperature was $-21.3^{\circ}C$ and the daily maximum temperature was $30.8^{\circ}C$. There was no problem in waterproof and drainage performance of the drainage board in the drainage system. However, the pipe for conveying ground leak had the leakage problem from 14 days. It is considered that the leakage of the pipe for conveying ground leak was caused by the deformation of the pipe of the flexible plastic material having a thickness of 0.2 cm by using the high pressure air nailer and the fixing pin and the insufficient thickness and width of the hotty-gel for preventing the leakage.